Underwood M K, Coie J D, Herbsman C R
Department of Psychology, Duke University.
Child Dev. 1992 Apr;63(2):366-80.
2 related studies addressed the development of display rules for anger and the relation between use of display rules for anger and aggressiveness as rated by school peers. Third, fifth, and seventh graders (ages 8.4, 10.9, and 12.8, respectively) gave hypothetical responses to videotaped, anger provoking vignettes. Overall, regardless of how display rules were defined, subjects reported display rules more often with teachers than with peers for both facial expressions and actions. Reported masking of facial expressions of anger increased with age, but only with teachers. Girls reported masking of facial expressions of anger more than boys. There was a trend for aggressive subjects to invoke display rules for anger less than nonaggressive subjects. The phenomenon of display rules for anger is complex and dependent on the way display rules are defined and the age and gender of the subjects. Most of all, whether children say they would behave angrily seems to be determined by the social context for revealing angry feelings; children say they would express anger genuinely much more often with peers than with teachers.
两项相关研究探讨了愤怒表情规则的发展，以及学校同伴所评定的愤怒表情规则的使用与攻击性之间的关系。三、五、七年级学生（年龄分别为8.4岁、10.9岁和12.8岁）对录像中激怒他人的情景给出了假设性反应。总体而言，无论表情规则如何定义，在面部表情和行为方面，受试者报告称，与同伴相比，他们在老师面前更常使用表情规则。报告显示，愤怒面部表情的掩饰随年龄增长而增加，但仅在面对老师时如此。女孩报告的愤怒面部表情掩饰比男孩更多。有这样一种趋势：具有攻击性的受试者比无攻击性的受试者更少运用愤怒表情规则。愤怒表情规则的现象很复杂，并且取决于表情规则的定义方式以及受试者的年龄和性别。最重要的是，孩子们是否表示会表现出愤怒，似乎取决于表露愤怒情绪的社会环境；孩子们表示，与老师相比，他们在同伴面前更常真实地表达愤怒。
