Reynolds Kelly A, Watt Pamela M, Boone Stephanie A, Gerba Charles P
The University of Arizona, Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, Environmental Research Laboratory, 2601 E. Airport Drive, Tucson, AZ 85706, USA.
Int J Environ Health Res. 2005 Jun;15(3):225-34. doi: 10.1080/09603120500115298.
From 1999-2003, the hygiene of 1061 environmental surfaces from shopping, daycare, and office environments, personal items, and miscellaneous activities (i.e., gymnasiums, airports, movie theaters, restaurants, etc.), in four US cities, was monitored. Samples were analyzed for fecal and total coliform bacteria, protein, and biochemical markers. Biochemical markers, i.e., hemoglobin (blood marker), amylase (mucus, saliva, sweat, and urine marker), and urea (urine and sweat marker) were detected on 3% (26/801); 15% (120/801), and 6% (48/801) of the surfaces, respectively. Protein (general hygiene marker) levels > or = 200 microg/10 cm2 were present on 26% (200/801) of the surfaces tested. Surfaces from children's playground equipment and daycare centers were the most frequently contaminated (biochemical markers on 36%; 15/42 and 46%; 25/54, respectively). Surfaces from the shopping, miscellaneous activities, and office environments were positive for biochemical markers with a frequency of 21% (69/333), 21% (66/308), and 11% (12/105), respectively). Sixty samples were analyzed for biochemical markers and bacteria. Total and fecal coliforms were detected on 20% (12/60) and 7% (4/ 60) of the surfaces, respectively. Half and one-third of the sites positive for biochemical markers were also positive for total and fecal coliforms, respectively. Artificial contamination of public surfaces with an invisible fluorescent tracer showed that contamination from outside surfaces was transferred to 86% (30/ 35) of exposed individual's hands and 82% (29/35) tracked the tracer to their home or personal belongings hours later. Results provide information on the relative hygiene of commonly encountered public surfaces and aid in the identification of priority environments where contaminant occurrence and risk of exposure may be greatest. Children's playground equipment is identified as a priority surface for additional research on the occurrence of and potential exposure to infectious disease causing agents.
1999年至2003年期间，对美国四个城市的购物场所、日托中心、办公环境、个人物品及各类活动场所（如体育馆、机场、电影院、餐厅等）的1061个环境表面的卫生状况进行了监测。对样本进行了粪便和总大肠菌群、蛋白质及生化标志物分析。生化标志物，即血红蛋白（血液标志物）、淀粉酶（黏液、唾液、汗液及尿液标志物）和尿素（尿液及汗液标志物）分别在3%（26/801）、15%（120/801）和6%（48/801）的表面被检测到。蛋白质（一般卫生标志物）水平≥200微克/10平方厘米出现在26%（200/801）的被检测表面上。儿童游乐设施和日托中心的表面污染最为频繁（生化标志物分别出现在36%；15/42和46%；25/54的表面上）。购物场所、各类活动场所及办公环境的表面生化标志物阳性频率分别为21%（69/333）、21%（66/308）和11%（12/105）。对60个样本进行了生化标志物和细菌分析。总大肠菌群和粪便大肠菌群分别在20%（12/60）和7%（4/60）的表面被检测到。生化标志物呈阳性的场所中，分别有一半和三分之一同时也检测到总大肠菌群和粪便大肠菌群呈阳性。用一种不可见荧光示踪剂对公共表面进行人工污染显示，来自外部表面的污染物转移到了86%（30/35）暴露个体的手上，并且82%（29/35）的人在数小时后将示踪剂带到了家中或个人物品上。研究结果提供了有关常见公共表面相对卫生状况的信息，并有助于确定污染物出现和暴露风险可能最大的重点环境。儿童游乐设施被确定为一个重点表面，需对其上致病传染病病原体的出现情况及潜在暴露情况进行更多研究。
