Szubert Zuzanna, Sobala Wojciech
Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lódź, Poland.
Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2005;18(2):177-84.
The current demographic trend in Poland indicates a progressive ageing process, which will result in a decreased number of persons at the age of work capability. Thus it is essential to find out the reasons for the diminished occupational activity of elderly workers. The aim of the project was to identify the factors that significantly contribute to early retirement during the period of socioeconomic transformation in Poland.
The analysis concerned 637 workers, aged over 45 years, but before reaching the age of retirement (60 years for women and 65 years for men) who were employed in selected industrial enterprises at technological or production-related departments. The study group was recruited from the population of former workers who quit their employment between 1996 and 2000, before they reached the age of retirement. The reference population, matched for age (+/- 3 years) and gender, comprised workers at similar workposts.
The following groups of variables were found to be significant risk factors for early retirement: variables describing the conditions of work (piecework system, OR = 7.00, 95% CI: 2.01-24.37; heavy lifting at work OR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.20-4.17) and variables related to the household characteristics (shortage of leisure time, OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.16-4.67), health condition (disability, OR = 1.87, 95%CI: 1.09-3.21; increased rate of sickness absence, OR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.52-3.17), and alcohol abuse (OR = 3.19, 95% CI: 1.33-7.64).
The data analysis revealed a spectrum of factors that either contribute to or decrease the risk for early retirement. These may be used as a reference in taking on activities aimed at preventing this adverse trend and stimulating occupational activity of elderly workers.
波兰当前的人口趋势表明老龄化进程在不断推进，这将导致具备工作能力的人数减少。因此，找出老年工人职业活动减少的原因至关重要。该项目的目的是确定在波兰社会经济转型期间对提前退休有重大影响的因素。
分析涉及637名年龄超过45岁但未达到退休年龄（女性60岁，男性65岁）的工人，他们受雇于选定工业企业的技术或生产相关部门。研究组是从1996年至2000年期间在达到退休年龄之前离职的前工人中招募的。对照人群在年龄（±3岁）和性别上进行匹配，由类似工作岗位的工人组成。
发现以下几组变量是提前退休的显著风险因素：描述工作条件的变量（计件工作制，OR = 7.00，95%CI：2.01 - 24.37；工作中重物搬运，OR = 2.24，95%CI：1.20 - 4.17）以及与家庭特征相关的变量（休闲时间不足，OR = 1.87，95%CI：1.16 - 4.67）、健康状况（残疾，OR = 1.87，95%CI：1.09 - 3.21；病假率增加，OR = 2.20，95%CI：1.52 - 3.17）和酗酒（OR = 3.19，95%CI：1.33 - 7.64）。
数据分析揭示了一系列促成或降低提前退休风险的因素。这些因素可作为开展旨在预防这一不利趋势并促进老年工人职业活动的参考依据。
