Caine Dennis J, Nassar Larry
Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Wash., USA.
Med Sport Sci. 2005;48:18-58. doi: 10.1159/000084282.
The purpose of this chapter is to review the distribution and determinants of injury rates as reported in the pediatric gymnastics injury literature, and to suggest measures for the prevention of injury and directions for further research.
An extensive search of Pubmed was conducted using the Text and MeSH words "gymnastics" and "injury" and limited to the pediatric population (0-18 years). The review focused on studies using denominator-based designs and on those published in the English language. Additional references were obtained from hand searches of the reference lists. Unpublished injury data from the USA Gymnastics National Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships during 2002-04 were also analyzed.
Comparison of study results was compromised due to the diversity of study populations, variability of injury definition across studies, and changes in rules and equipment across years. Notwithstanding, this review of the literature reveals a reasonably consistent picture of pediatric gymnastics injuries. The incidence and severity of injuries is relatively high, particularly among advanced level female gymnasts. Body parts particularly affected by injury vary by gender and include the ankle, knee, wrist, elbow, lower back, and shoulder. Ankle sprains are a particular concern. Overuse and nonspecific pain conditions, particularly the wrist and low back, occur frequently among advanced-level female gymnasts. Factors associated with an increased injury risk among female gymnasts include greater body size and body fat, periods of rapid growth, and increased life stress.
Above all, this overview of the gymnastics injury literature underscores the need to establish large-scale injury surveillance systems designed to provide current and reliable data on injury trends in both boys and girls gymnastics, and to be used as a basis for analyzing injury risk factors and identifying dependable injury preventive measures.
本章旨在回顾儿科体操损伤文献中所报道的损伤发生率的分布及决定因素，并提出预防损伤的措施及进一步研究的方向。
使用文本词和医学主题词“体操”和“损伤”在PubMed上进行广泛检索，并限定为儿科人群（0至18岁）。该综述聚焦于采用基于分母设计的研究以及以英文发表的研究。通过手工检索参考文献列表获取了其他参考文献。还分析了2002 - 2004年美国体操全国女子艺术体操锦标赛未发表的损伤数据。
由于研究人群的多样性、各研究中损伤定义的变异性以及多年来规则和器械的变化，研究结果的比较受到影响。尽管如此，对文献的此次综述揭示了儿科体操损伤情况较为一致的图景。损伤的发生率和严重程度相对较高，尤其是在高水平女子体操运动员中。受损伤影响的身体部位因性别而异，包括脚踝、膝盖、手腕、肘部、下背部和肩部。脚踝扭伤尤其值得关注。过度使用和非特异性疼痛状况，特别是手腕和下背部，在高水平女子体操运动员中频繁出现。与女子体操运动员损伤风险增加相关的因素包括体型和体脂增加、快速生长阶段以及生活压力增大。
最重要的是，对体操损伤文献的这一概述强调了建立大规模损伤监测系统的必要性，该系统旨在提供有关男、女体操运动员损伤趋势的当前可靠数据，并用作分析损伤风险因素和确定可靠预防损伤措施的基础。
