Hatt Belinda E, Deletic Ana, Fletcher Tim D
Department of Civil Engineering, Institute for Sustainable Water Resources, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
J Environ Manage. 2006 Apr;79(1):102-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.06.003. Epub 2005 Oct 26.
With the use of water approaching, and in some cases exceeding, the limits of sustainability in many locations, there is an increasing recognition of the need to utilise stormwater for non-potable requirements, thus reducing the demand on potable sources. This paper presents a review of Australian stormwater treatment and recycling practices as well as a discussion of key lessons and identified knowledge gaps. Where possible, recommendations for overcoming these knowledge gaps are given. The review of existing stormwater recycling systems focussed primarily on the recycling of general urban runoff (runoff generated from all urban surfaces) for non-potable purposes. Regulations and guidelines specific to stormwater recycling need to be developed to facilitate effective design of such systems, and to minimise risks of failure. There is a clear need for the development of innovative techniques for the collection, treatment and storage of stormwater. Existing stormwater recycling practice is far ahead of research, in that there are no technologies designed specifically for stormwater recycling. Instead, technologies designed for general stormwater pollution control are frequently utilised, which do not guarantee the necessary reliability of treatment. Performance modelling for evaluation purposes also needs further research, so that industry can objectively assess alternative approaches. Just as many aspects of these issues may have impeded adoption of stormwater, another impediment to adoption has been the lack of a practical and widely accepted method for assessing the many financial, social and ecological costs and benefits of stormwater recycling projects against traditional alternatives. Such triple-bottom-line assessment methodologies need to be trialled on stormwater recycling projects. If the costs and benefits of recycling systems can be shown to compare favourably with the costs and benefits of conventional practices this will provide an incentive to overcome other obstacles to widespread adoption of stormwater recycling.
在许多地方，随着用水接近甚至在某些情况下超过可持续性极限，人们越来越认识到有必要将雨水用于非饮用水需求，从而减少对饮用水源的需求。本文综述了澳大利亚的雨水处理和循环利用实践，并讨论了关键经验教训和已识别的知识差距。在可能的情况下，还给出了克服这些知识差距的建议。对现有雨水循环利用系统的综述主要集中在将一般城市径流（所有城市表面产生的径流）用于非饮用水目的的循环利用。需要制定专门针对雨水循环利用的法规和指南，以促进此类系统的有效设计，并将故障风险降至最低。显然需要开发用于收集、处理和储存雨水的创新技术。现有的雨水循环利用实践远远领先于研究，因为没有专门为雨水循环利用设计的技术。相反，经常使用为一般雨水污染控制设计的技术，这些技术不能保证必要的处理可靠性。用于评估目的的性能建模也需要进一步研究，以便行业能够客观地评估替代方法。正如这些问题的许多方面可能阻碍了雨水的采用一样，另一个阻碍采用的因素是缺乏一种实用且被广泛接受的方法，用于评估雨水循环利用项目相对于传统替代方案的诸多财务、社会和生态成本与效益。这种三重底线评估方法需要在雨水循环利用项目上进行试验。如果能够证明循环利用系统的成本和效益优于传统做法的成本和效益，这将激励克服广泛采用雨水循环利用的其他障碍。
