Vajta Gábor, Gjerris Mickey
Population Genetics and Embryology, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
Anim Reprod Sci. 2006 May;92(3-4):211-30. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2005.12.001. Epub 2006 Jan 10.
Details of the first mammal born after nuclear transfer cloning were published by Steen Malte Willadsen in 1986. In spite of its enormous scientific significance, this discovery failed to trigger much public concern, possibly because the donor cells were derived from pre-implantation stage embryos. The major breakthrough in terms of public recognition has happened when Ian Wilmut et al. [Wilmut, I., Schnieke, A.E., McWhir, J., Kind, A.J., Campbell, K.H., 1997. Viable offspring derived from fetal és adult mammalian cells. Nature 385, 810-813] described the successful application of almost exactly the same method, but using the nuclei of somatic cells from an adult mammal, to create Dolly the sheep. It has become theoretically possible to produce an unlimited number of genetic replicates from an adult animal or a post-implantation foetus. Since 1997 a number of different species including pigs, goats, horses, cats, etc. have been cloned with the somatic cell nuclear transfer technique. Although the technology still has relatively low success rates and there seems to be substantial problems with the welfare of some of the cloned animals, cloning is used both within basic research and the biomedical sector. The next step seems to be to implement cloning in the agricultural production system and several animals have been developed in this direction. This article reviews the current state of the art of farm animal cloning from a scientific and technological perspective, describes the animal welfare problems and critically assess different applications of farm animal cloning. The scope is confined to animal biotechnologies in which the use of cell nuclear transfer is an essential part and extends to both biomedical and agricultural applications of farm animal cloning. These applications include the production of genetically identical animals for research purposes, and also the creation of genetically modified animals. In the agricultural sector, cloning can be used as a tool within farm animal breeding. We do not intend to give an exhaustive review of the all the literature available; instead we pinpoint issues and events pivotal to the development of current farm animal cloning practices and their possible applications.
1986年，斯汀·马尔特·维拉森发表了首例经核移植克隆出生的哺乳动物的详细情况。尽管这项发现具有重大的科学意义，但未能引发公众太多关注，可能是因为供体细胞来源于植入前阶段的胚胎。在公众认知方面的重大突破发生在伊恩·威尔穆特等人[威尔穆特，I.，施尼克，A.E.，麦克惠尔，J.，金德，A.J.，坎贝尔，K.H.，1997年。源自胎儿和成年哺乳动物细胞的存活后代。《自然》385卷，第810 - 813页]描述了几乎完全相同的方法的成功应用，但使用的是成年哺乳动物体细胞的细胞核，从而培育出了多利羊。从理论上讲，从成年动物或植入后胎儿身上产生无限数量的基因复制品成为可能。自1997年以来，包括猪、山羊、马、猫等在内的许多不同物种都已通过体细胞克隆技术克隆成功。尽管该技术成功率仍然相对较低，而且一些克隆动物的福利似乎存在重大问题，但克隆技术在基础研究和生物医学领域都有应用。下一步似乎是将克隆技术应用于农业生产系统，并且已经朝着这个方向培育出了几种动物。本文从科学技术角度回顾了家畜克隆的当前技术水平，描述了动物福利问题，并批判性地评估了家畜克隆的不同应用。范围限于细胞核移植是重要组成部分的动物生物技术，涵盖家畜克隆的生物医学和农业应用。这些应用包括为研究目的生产基因相同的动物，以及创造转基因动物。在农业领域，克隆可作为家畜育种的一种工具。我们并不打算详尽回顾所有现有文献；相反，我们指出对当前家畜克隆实践及其可能应用的发展至关重要的问题和事件。
