Martin V, Sims L, Lubroth J, Pfeiffer D, Slingenbergh J, Domenech J
Animal Health Service, FAO, Rome, Italy.
Dev Biol (Basel). 2006;124:23-36.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been recognised as a serious viral disease of poultry since 1878. The number of recorded outbreaks of HPAI has increased globally in the past 10 years culminating in 2004 with the unprecedented outbreaks of H5N1 HPAI involving at least nine countries in East and South-East Asia. Apart from the geographical extent of these outbreaks and apparent rapid spread, this epidemic has a number of unique features, among which is the role that asymptomatic domestic waterfowl and more particularly free-ranging ducks play in the transmission of highly pathogenic H5N1. Field epidemiological studies have been conducted by the Food and Agriculture Organization and several collaborative centres to explore the factors that could have led to a change from infection to the emergence of widespread disease in 2003-2004 and 2005. Domestic waterfowl, specific farming practices and agro-ecological environments have been identified to play a key role in the occurrence, maintenance and spread of HPAI. Although there are some questions that remain unanswered regarding the origins of the 2004 outbreaks, the current understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of the disease should now lead to the development of adapted targeted surveillance studies and control strategies.
自1878年以来，高致病性禽流感（HPAI）一直被认为是一种严重的家禽病毒性疾病。在过去10年中，全球记录的高致病性禽流感疫情数量有所增加，在2004年达到顶峰，当时H5N1高致病性禽流感疫情空前爆发，涉及东亚和东南亚至少9个国家。除了这些疫情的地理范围和明显的快速传播外，这次疫情还有一些独特的特征，其中无症状家水禽，尤其是散养鸭子在高致病性H5N1传播中所起的作用。联合国粮食及农业组织和几个合作中心开展了现场流行病学研究，以探究在2003 - 2004年和2005年期间可能导致从感染转变为广泛疾病出现的因素。已确定家水禽、特定养殖方式和农业生态环境在高致病性禽流感的发生、持续存在和传播中起关键作用。尽管关于2004年疫情的起源仍有一些问题未得到解答，但目前对该疾病生态学和流行病学的认识现在应该会促使开展适应性目标监测研究并制定控制策略。
