Lipid-lowering medications.

In the last decades, there has been an important progression in the development and assessment of various cholesterol-lowering agents. Until recently, in children under age 10, the focus of treatment has been on dietary and lifestyle adjustments. For children older than 10 years, bile acid-binding resins were also recommended if LDL-C levels remained high after dietary adjustment. However, the lipid-lowering effect of bile acid-binding resins is modest at best and long-term compliance is often poor. In contrast, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are currently widely used in adults and are considered the first choice in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. In the last few years, several randomized trials have shown that statins are also effective in reducing LDL cholesterol levels in children and seem safe at least in the short term. Another novel development is the cholesterol-lowering agent, ezetimibe, which inhibits cholesterol absorption in the intestine. Although efficacy and safety data in children are still lacking, ezetimibe has a good safety profile in adults, either as monotherapy or in combination with a statin. Lastly, two other classes of lipid-lowering drugs include fibrates and nicotinic acid, but most agree that the side effect profile precludes their use in children except in extreme circumstances. Overall, therapeutic options to lower cholesterol levels in children are expanding.