Heudorf Ursel, Butte Werner, Schulz Christine, Angerer Jürgen
Public Health Department, Medical Services and Hygiene, Braubachstr. 18-22, 60311 City of Frankfurt, Germany.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2006 May;209(3):293-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.01.001. Epub 2006 Feb 3.
Pesticides are widely used throughout the world in agriculture to protect crops, and in public health to control diseases transmitted by vectors or intermediate hosts. After the prohibition of organochlorines, such as DDT, today mainly pyrethroids and organophosphorous insecticides are used. With reliable and sensitive analytical methods for detecting metabolites of organophosphorous and pyrethroid insecticides in urinary specimens of the general population several studies have been published on internal exposure to these insecticides of the population in Germany. In total, data on levels of metabolites of organophosphorous acids in urine of about 1200 children and adults have been published, as well as data on levels of pyrethroid metabolites in urine of about 2100 children and adults. In Germany, reference values for environmental pollutants related to the population are established continuously by the Human Biomonitoring Commission of the German Federal Environmental Agency, preferably based on data gained by representative studies. Reference values are defined as the 95th percentile, rounded off within the 95% confidence interval of the population studied. Since there is a need for reference values to characterise the population's exposure to organophosphates and pyrethroids, and since there are different studies available from Germany that agree quite well with data from other industrialised countries, the Commission has derived reference values from the available data, though none of the studies had fulfilled criteria on representativity. Reference values for metabolites of organophosphorous acids are as follows: DMP 135 microg/l, DMTP 160 microg/l and DEP 16 microg/l and for metabolites of pyrethroids: cis-Cl2CA 1 microg/l, trans-Cl2CA 2 microg/l and 3-PBA 2 microg/l. As the volume-related concentrations of organophosphate and pyrethroid metabolites show no significant age-dependence, the reference values derived are not age-stratified. Though based merely on statistical and not on toxicological data, levels analysed above the reference levels, when reliably measured (verified several times), should prompt environmental health practitioners to search for sources, within the bounds of proportionality. In addition to accidental poisoning, possible sources include indoor contamination following improper pest control operations in homes as well as in pets and food products contaminated by these pesticides.
农药在全球范围内广泛应用于农业领域以保护农作物，以及公共卫生领域以控制由病媒或中间宿主传播的疾病。在禁止使用滴滴涕等有机氯农药之后，如今主要使用拟除虫菊酯类和有机磷杀虫剂。凭借可靠且灵敏的分析方法来检测普通人群尿液样本中有机磷和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的代谢物，德国已发表了多项关于该人群对这些杀虫剂体内暴露情况的研究。总体而言，已公布了约1200名儿童和成人尿液中有机磷酸代谢物水平的数据，以及约2100名儿童和成人尿液中拟除虫菊酯代谢物水平的数据。在德国，德国联邦环境局的人体生物监测委员会持续确定与人群相关的环境污染物参考值，最好是基于代表性研究获得的数据。参考值定义为第95百分位数，并在研究人群的95%置信区间内进行四舍五入。由于需要参考值来表征人群对有机磷和拟除虫菊酯的暴露情况，且德国有不同的研究，这些研究与其他工业化国家的数据相当吻合，尽管没有一项研究满足代表性标准，但该委员会仍从现有数据中得出了参考值。有机磷酸代谢物的参考值如下：二甲基磷酸酯（DMP）135微克/升、二甲基硫代磷酸酯（DMTP）160微克/升和二乙基磷酸酯（DEP）16微克/升；拟除虫菊酯代谢物的参考值为：顺式二氯菊酸（cis-Cl2CA）1微克/升、反式二氯菊酸（trans-Cl2CA）2微克/升和3-苯氧基苯甲酸（3-PBA）2微克/升。由于有机磷和拟除虫菊酯代谢物的体积相关浓度未显示出明显的年龄依赖性，因此得出的参考值未按年龄分层。尽管这些参考值仅基于统计数据而非毒理学数据，但当可靠测量（多次验证）的分析水平高于参考水平时，环境卫生从业者应在合理范围内寻找来源。除意外中毒外，可能的来源包括家庭中不当害虫防治操作后的室内污染，以及受这些农药污染的宠物和食品。
