Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
Chemosphere. 2013 Nov;93(10):2547-53. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.070. Epub 2013 Oct 21.
The aim of this study was to determine for the first time in Poland, levels of exposure to synthetic pyrethroids in preschool and school age children and their parents living in urban and rural areas. For this purpose concentrations of pyrethroid metabolites: 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), 2,2-dibromovinyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (Br2CA), cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (cis-Cl2CA) and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (trans-Cl2CA) were determined in 374 urine samples using a validated GC-MS method. All measured metabolites were detected more frequently and in higher concentrations in rural areas. 3-PBA was detected in 77.4% and 93.8% of samples from urban and rural areas, respectively. Its geometric mean (GM) concentration in rural population was higher than in urban (0.364 vs. 0.223 ng mL(-1) and 0.272 vs. 0.155 μg g(-1) creatinine, p<0.0001). Among remaining metabolites, only cis- and trans-Cl2CA were detected in more than 50.0% of samples in rural population. Average concentrations of 3-PBA in children were higher than in adults, both in urban and rural areas. Moderate to very strong positive correlations were noticed between concentrations of pairs of pyrethroid metabolites in urine samples. Significant, moderate correlations between the concentrations of particular metabolites in parents and their children were observed in the urban population (range: r=0.2911-0.3919 for non-adjusted and 0.3827-0.4693 for creatinine adjusted concentrations), while in rural areas there were no such relationship. Application of pesticide formulations on pets in the past 6 months was associated with increased 3-PBA urinary concentration. Further studies on pesticide exposure among children in rural areas are needed to identify and possibly reduce or eliminate the sources of exposure.
本研究的目的是首次在波兰，测定居住在城市和农村地区的学龄前和学龄儿童及其父母接触合成拟除虫菊酯的水平。为此，采用经验证的 GC-MS 方法测定了 374 份尿样中拟除虫菊酯代谢物：3-苯氧基苯甲酸（3-PBA）、2,2-二溴乙烯基-2,2-二甲基环丙烷羧酸（Br2CA）、顺式-3-（2,2-二氯乙烯基）-2,2-二甲基环丙烷-1-羧酸（cis-Cl2CA）和反式-3-（2,2-二氯乙烯基）-2,2-二甲基环丙烷-1-羧酸（trans-Cl2CA）的浓度。在农村地区，所有测量的代谢物的检测频率更高，浓度也更高。3-PBA 在城市和农村地区的样本中分别有 77.4%和 93.8%被检出。农村人群的几何均数（GM）浓度高于城市人群（0.364 与 0.223ng/ml 和 0.272 与 0.155μg/g 肌酐，p<0.0001）。在其余代谢物中，只有 cis-Cl2CA 和 trans-Cl2CA 在农村人群中超过 50.0%的样本中被检出。儿童尿液中 3-PBA 的平均浓度高于成人，城市和农村地区均如此。尿液中拟除虫菊酯代谢物浓度之间存在中等至很强的正相关性。在城市人群中，父母和其子女尿液中特定代谢物浓度之间存在显著的中等相关性（未经调整浓度的范围为 r=0.2911-0.3919，肌酐调整浓度的范围为 0.3827-0.4693），而在农村地区则不存在这种关系。在过去 6 个月中给宠物使用农药制剂与 3-PBA 尿浓度升高有关。需要进一步研究农村地区儿童的农药暴露情况，以确定并可能减少或消除接触源。
