Gilles Jeremie, David Jean-Francois, Duvallet Gerard
CIRAD-EMVT, Programme Productions Animales, UMR C53 Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, France.
J Med Entomol. 2005 Nov;42(6):959-65. doi: 10.1093/jmedent/42.6.959.
Adult survival and reproduction were compared between two Stomoxys species that co-occur in La Reunion, the cosmopolitan Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and the tropical Stomoxys niger niger Macquart. In a first experiment, mean longevity and fecundity were determined at five constant temperatures from 15 to 35 degrees C, after development at the same temperatures. Adult longevity was greatest at 20 degrees C in S. calcitrans and at 15 degrees C in S. niger. Adult S. niger survived longer than adult S. calcitrans, especially at 15 degrees C. At 35 degrees C, all flies died within 3 d. Reproduction occurred only within the 20-30 degrees C range, and S. niger laid more eggs than S. calcitrans. In both species, lifetime fecundity tended to decrease when temperature increased, because of the shortening of the oviposition period. In a second experiment, adults were maintained at 15 degrees C after development at 25 degrees C. The higher temperature during development significantly increased adult longevity in S. calcitrans but not in S. niger. Reproduction occurred at 15 degrees C, with notable fecundity in S. calcitrans (22 eggs per female) but not in S. niger (<1 egg per female). Using previous results on immature survival and developmental time in the two species, several life history parameters were compared at each temperature. Generation time decreased with increasing temperature and was highly similar in both species. Concurrently, the intrinsic rate of increase (r) increased with temperature from 15 to 30 degrees C. At 15 degrees C, r was higher in S. calcitrans, but within the 20-30 degrees C range, r was higher in S. niger. The results suggest 1) S. niger has evolved a strategy of survival without any reproduction during the tropical winter, in contrast with S. calcitrans that breeds more continuously; and 2) S. niger may outnumber S. calcitrans in warm areas, at least when development occurs in media of poor quality.
在留尼汪岛共同出现的两种厩螫蝇之间，对成虫的存活和繁殖情况进行了比较。这两种厩螫蝇分别是世界性分布的厩螫蝇（Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)）和热带的黑腹厩螫蝇（Stomoxys niger niger Macquart）。在第一个实验中，在15至35摄氏度的五个恒定温度下，在相同温度下发育后，测定了平均寿命和繁殖力。厩螫蝇在20摄氏度时成虫寿命最长，黑腹厩螫蝇在15摄氏度时成虫寿命最长。黑腹厩螫蝇成虫的存活时间比厩螫蝇成虫长，尤其是在15摄氏度时。在35摄氏度时，所有苍蝇在3天内死亡。繁殖仅发生在20至30摄氏度范围内，且黑腹厩螫蝇产的卵比厩螫蝇多。在这两个物种中，由于产卵期缩短，当温度升高时，终生繁殖力都有下降趋势。在第二个实验中，成虫在25摄氏度下发育后，维持在15摄氏度。发育期间较高的温度显著增加了厩螫蝇的成虫寿命，但对黑腹厩螫蝇没有影响。在15摄氏度时发生了繁殖，厩螫蝇有显著的繁殖力（每只雌蝇产22枚卵），但黑腹厩螫蝇没有（每只雌蝇产不到1枚卵）。利用先前关于这两个物种幼虫存活和发育时间的结果，在每个温度下比较了几个生活史参数。世代时间随温度升高而缩短，且在两个物种中高度相似。同时，内禀增长率（r）在15至30摄氏度范围内随温度升高而增加。在15摄氏度时，厩螫蝇的r值较高，但在20至30摄氏度范围内，黑腹厩螫蝇的r值较高。结果表明：1）与繁殖更连续的厩螫蝇相比，黑腹厩螫蝇进化出了一种在热带冬季不繁殖而存活的策略；2）在温暖地区，至少当在质量较差的介质中发育时，黑腹厩螫蝇的数量可能会超过厩螫蝇。
