Radtke Kerstin, Döhner Katinka, Sodeik Beate
Institute of Virology, OE5230, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
Cell Microbiol. 2006 Mar;8(3):387-400. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00679.x.
The actin and microtubule cytoskeleton play important roles in the life cycle of every virus. During attachment, internalization, endocytosis, nuclear targeting, transcription, replication, transport of progeny subviral particles, assembly, exocytosis, or cell-to-cell spread, viruses make use of different cellular cues and signals to enlist the cytoskeleton for their mission. Viruses induce rearrangements of cytoskeletal filaments so that they can utilize them as tracks or shove them aside when they represent barriers. Viral particles recruit molecular motors in order to hitchhike rides to different subcellular sites which provide the proper molecular environment for uncoating, replicating and packaging viral genomes. Interactions between subviral components and cytoskeletal tracks also help to orchestrate virus assembly, release and efficient cell-to-cell spread. There is probably not a single virus that does not use cytoskeletal and motor functions in its life cycle. Being well informed intracellular passengers, viruses provide us with unique tools to decipher how a particular cargo recruits one or several motors, how these are activated or tuned down depending on transport needs, and how cargoes switch from actin tracks to microtubules to nuclear pores and back.
肌动蛋白和微管细胞骨架在每种病毒的生命周期中都发挥着重要作用。在病毒附着、内化、胞吞作用、核靶向、转录、复制、子代亚病毒颗粒运输、组装、胞吐作用或细胞间传播过程中，病毒利用不同的细胞线索和信号来借助细胞骨架完成其使命。病毒诱导细胞骨架丝重排，以便在其作为轨道时加以利用，或者在其构成障碍时将其推开。病毒颗粒招募分子马达，以便搭便车前往不同的亚细胞位点，这些位点为病毒基因组的脱壳、复制和包装提供合适的分子环境。亚病毒成分与细胞骨架轨道之间的相互作用也有助于协调病毒的组装、释放及高效的细胞间传播。可能没有一种病毒在其生命周期中不利用细胞骨架和马达功能。作为消息灵通的细胞内乘客，病毒为我们提供了独特的工具，用以解读特定货物如何招募一个或几个马达，这些马达如何根据运输需求被激活或下调，以及货物如何从肌动蛋白轨道切换到微管再到核孔然后返回。
