Sullivan Kathleen M
School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA.
J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2005 Nov-Dec;16(6):33-47. doi: 10.1016/j.jana.2005.09.005.
HIV-positive men face multiple challenges when deciding whether to disclose their serostatus to sex partners. The purpose of this literature review (1996-2004) is to identify valid and reliable research results that identify factors influencing serostatus disclosure to sex partners by men who are HIV-positive. Articles included in the review were identified through an electronic search using pertinent terms related to disclosure to sex partners, followed by a search of references for additional articles. A compilation of research results for 17 articles is presented under the headings of background, contextual, and psychosocial factors influencing disclosure. An analysis of the data suggests that differences in disclosure rates vary based on sex partner factors including serostatus, relationship status, and number of sex partners. Rates of disclosure to primary sex partners ranged from 67% to 88%, suggesting that nearly one third of main sex partners were not disclosed to and were at risk of contracting HIV, whereas a pattern of lower disclosure among casual partners was evident. As the number of sex partners increased, the likelihood of disclosure to all sex partners decreased, ranging from one quarter (25%) to slightly over half (58%). In addition, perceived efficaciousness and positive outcome expectations were the most frequent theoretical constructs embedded in the research associated with disclosure, suggesting that these factors play an important role in the process of disclosure to sex partners. Interpersonal factors that positively influenced self-disclosure included spousal support, emotional investment, and communication about safe sex, including asking about a partner's serostatus. Self-disclosure was not consistently associated with safer sex. Recommendations for future research are presented, based on the results included in this review.
艾滋病毒呈阳性的男性在决定是否向性伴侣透露自己的血清学状态时面临多重挑战。这篇文献综述（1996 - 2004年）的目的是确定有效且可靠的研究结果，以找出影响艾滋病毒呈阳性的男性向性伴侣透露血清学状态的因素。综述中纳入的文章通过使用与向性伴侣透露相关的关键词进行电子搜索来确定，随后搜索参考文献以获取更多文章。在影响透露的背景、情境和心理社会因素标题下，呈现了17篇文章的研究结果汇编。数据分析表明，透露率的差异因性伴侣因素而异，包括血清学状态、关系状况和性伴侣数量。向主要性伴侣透露的比例在67%至88%之间，这表明近三分之一的主要性伴侣未被告知且有感染艾滋病毒的风险，而向临时伴侣透露的比例较低的模式很明显。随着性伴侣数量的增加，向所有性伴侣透露的可能性降低，范围从四分之一（25%）到略超过一半（58%）。此外，感知到的有效性和积极结果预期是与透露相关的研究中最常包含的理论结构，这表明这些因素在向性伴侣透露的过程中起着重要作用。对自我透露有积极影响的人际因素包括配偶支持、情感投入以及关于安全性行为的沟通，包括询问伴侣的血清学状态。自我透露与更安全的性行为并不总是相关。基于本综述所包含的结果，提出了对未来研究的建议。
