Kleider Heather M, Goldinger Stephen D
Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303-3082, USA.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2006 Mar;32(2):259-76. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.32.2.259.
Like all probabilistic decisions, recognition memory judgments are based on inferences about the strength and quality of stimulus familiarity. In recent articles, B. W. A. Whittlesea and J. Leboe (2000; J. Leboe & B. W. A. Whittlesea, 2002) proposed that such memory decisions entail various heuristics, similar to well-known heuristics in overt decision making. Using verbal stimulus materials, Whittlesea and Leboe illustrated 3 separate memory heuristics: fluency, generation, and resemblance. In the present investigation, the authors examined the generation and resemblance heuristics in face recognition. In 12 experiments, people memorized faces and later performed exclusion (source memory) tasks. Every experiment contained natural groups of facial photographs (e.g., Caucasian vs. Asian faces), but such groups were not always valid source-memory predictors. Instead, across experiments, the potential utility of generation and resemblance strategies was systematically varied. People were quite sensitive to such variations, changing from one heuristic to another as needed. However, they also combined heuristics, both improving and damaging performance across conditions. The relevance of recognition decision heuristics to eyewitness memory is considered.
与所有概率性决策一样，识别记忆判断是基于对刺激熟悉度的强度和质量的推断。在最近的文章中，B.W.A.惠特利西和J.勒博（2000年；J.勒博和B.W.A.惠特利西，2002年）提出，这种记忆决策需要各种启发式方法，类似于公开决策中众所周知的启发式方法。惠特利西和勒博使用言语刺激材料说明了3种不同的记忆启发式方法：流畅性、生成性和相似性。在本研究中，作者考察了人脸识别中的生成性和相似性启发式方法。在12个实验中，人们记住面孔，随后执行排除（来源记忆）任务。每个实验都包含自然的面部照片组（例如，白种人与亚洲人的面孔），但这样的组并不总是有效的来源记忆预测指标。相反，在各个实验中，生成性和相似性策略的潜在效用被系统地改变。人们对这种变化相当敏感，根据需要从一种启发式方法转变为另一种。然而，他们也会结合启发式方法，在不同条件下既提高又损害表现。文中考虑了识别决策启发式方法与目击者记忆的相关性。
