Goldinger Stephen D, He Yi, Papesh Megan H
Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85233, USA.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2009 Sep;35(5):1105-22. doi: 10.1037/a0016548.
The own-race bias (ORB) is a well-known finding wherein people are better able to recognize and discriminate own-race faces, relative to cross-race faces. In 2 experiments, participants viewed Asian and Caucasian faces, in preparation for recognition memory tests, while their eye movements and pupil diameters were continuously monitored. In Experiment 1 (with Caucasian participants), systematic differences emerged in both measures as a function of depicted race: While encoding cross-race faces, participants made fewer (and longer) fixations, they preferentially attended to different sets of features, and their pupils were more dilated, all relative to own-race faces. Also, in both measures, a pattern emerged wherein some participants reduced their apparent encoding effort to cross-race faces over trials. In Experiment 2 (with Asian participants), the authors observed the same patterns, although the ORB favored the opposite set of faces. Taken together, the results suggest that the ORB appears during initial perceptual encoding. Relative to own-race face encoding, cross-race encoding requires greater effort, which may reduce vigilance in some participants.
同种族偏见（ORB）是一个著名的发现，即相对于其他种族的面孔，人们能够更好地识别和区分同种族的面孔。在两项实验中，参与者观看亚洲人和高加索人的面孔，为识别记忆测试做准备，同时他们的眼球运动和瞳孔直径被持续监测。在实验1（参与者为高加索人）中，这两项测量中都出现了系统性差异，该差异是所描绘种族的函数：在编码其他种族面孔时，与同种族面孔相比，参与者的注视次数更少（且时间更长），他们优先关注不同的特征集，并且他们的瞳孔扩张得更厉害。此外，在这两项测量中，出现了一种模式，即一些参与者在多次试验中减少了对其他种族面孔的明显编码努力。在实验2（参与者为亚洲人）中，作者观察到了相同的模式，尽管同种族偏见有利于相反的面孔组。综合来看，结果表明同种族偏见出现在初始感知编码过程中。相对于同种族面孔编码，其他种族编码需要更大的努力，这可能会降低一些参与者的警觉性。
