Moreira-Almeida Alexander, Lotufo Neto Francisco
Center for the Study of Religious and Spiritual Problems, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
Transcult Psychiatry. 2005 Dec;42(4):570-95. doi: 10.1177/1363461505058916.
The Spiritist perspective on mental disorders exerts a great influence in Brazil. Spiritist theory supports the survival of the spirit after death with an exchange of knowledge between the incarnated and disincarnated spirits. This article reviews the texts on mental disorders and Spiritism written by four leading Spiritist authors: Allan Kardec, Bezerra de Menezes, Inácio Ferreira and Joanna de Angelis. These authors advocated a model of spiritual etiology without rejecting the biological, psychological, and social causes of mental disorders. The Spiritist etiologic model for mental disorders includes the negative influences of discarnated spirits (termed 'obsession') or trauma experienced in previous lives. In addition to conventional medical and psychological therapeutics, spiritist séances for disobsession are recommended, as well as 'passes', prayers and efforts to live according to ethical principles. The importance of Spiritist views in Brazil indicates the need for more academic research on this tradition.
唯灵论对精神障碍的观点在巴西影响巨大。唯灵论理论支持死后灵魂的存续，以及在世灵魂与离世灵魂之间的知识交流。本文回顾了四位主要唯灵论作者所写的关于精神障碍和唯灵论的文本：艾伦·卡德克、贝泽拉·德·梅内塞斯、伊纳西奥·费雷拉和乔安娜·德·安热利斯。这些作者倡导一种精神病因学模型，并不排斥精神障碍的生物、心理和社会成因。精神障碍的唯灵论病因学模型包括离世灵魂的负面影响（称为“附身”）或前世经历的创伤。除了传统的医学和心理治疗方法外，还推荐进行驱邪的唯灵论降神会，以及“抚触”、祈祷和按照道德原则生活的努力。唯灵论观点在巴西的重要性表明有必要对这一传统进行更多的学术研究。
