Crews Fulton T, Bechara Rabih, Brown Lou Ann, Guidot David M, Mandrekar Pranoti, Oak Shilpa, Qin Liya, Szabo Gyongyi, Wheeler Michael, Zou Jian
Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7178, USA.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006 Apr;30(4):720-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00084.x.
Cytokines are multifunctional proteins that play a critical role in cellular communication and activation. Cytokines have been classified as being proinflammatory (T helper 1, Th1) or anti-inflammatory (T helper 2, Th2) depending on their effects on the immune system. However, cytokines impact a variety of tissues in a complex manner that regulates inflammation, cell death, and cell proliferation and migration as well as healing mechanisms. Ethanol (alcohol) is known to alter cytokine levels in a variety of tissues including plasma, lung, liver, and brain. Studies on human monocyte responses to pathogens reveal ethanol disruption of cytokine production depending upon the pathogen and duration of alcohol consumption, with multiple pathogens and chronic ethanol promoting inflammatory cytokine production. In lung, cytokine production is disrupted by ethanol exacerbating respiratory distress syndrome with greatly increased expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta). Alcoholic liver disease involves an inflammatory hepatitis and an exaggerated Th1 response with increases in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). Recent studies suggest that the transition from Th1 to Th2 cytokines contribute to hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Cytokines affect the brain and likely contribute to changes in the central nervous system that contribute to long-term changes in behavior and neurodegeneration. Together these studies suggest that ethanol disruption of cytokines and inflammation contribute in multiple ways to a diversity of alcoholic pathologies.
细胞因子是多功能蛋白质，在细胞通讯和激活过程中发挥关键作用。根据细胞因子对免疫系统的影响，它们被分类为促炎细胞因子（辅助性T细胞1，Th1）或抗炎细胞因子（辅助性T细胞2，Th2）。然而，细胞因子以复杂的方式影响多种组织，调节炎症、细胞死亡、细胞增殖与迁移以及愈合机制。已知乙醇（酒精）会改变包括血浆、肺、肝脏和大脑在内的多种组织中的细胞因子水平。对人类单核细胞对病原体反应的研究表明，乙醇会根据病原体和饮酒持续时间破坏细胞因子的产生，多种病原体和慢性乙醇摄入会促进炎性细胞因子的产生。在肺部，乙醇会破坏细胞因子的产生，加剧呼吸窘迫综合征，同时转化生长因子β（TGFβ）的表达大幅增加。酒精性肝病涉及炎症性肝炎和过度的Th1反应，肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）增加。最近的研究表明，从Th1细胞因子向Th2细胞因子的转变会导致肝纤维化和肝硬化。细胞因子会影响大脑，并可能导致中枢神经系统发生变化，进而导致行为的长期改变和神经退行性变。这些研究共同表明，乙醇对细胞因子和炎症反应的破坏以多种方式导致了多种酒精性疾病。
