Friedler Eran, Lahav Ori, Jizhaki Hagar, Lahav Tali
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
J Environ Manage. 2006 Dec;81(4):360-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.11.013. Epub 2006 Mar 29.
This paper summarizes the findings of a survey (256 participants) conducted to determine the attitude of the Israeli urban public towards various urban water reuse options. Israel is known for its long and successful agricultural water reuse scheme, but to date no large-scale urban reuse projects have been implemented. The survey included 21 reuse options, which were clustered into three reuse categories, namely: low, medium, and high contact levels. Results show that a high proportion of the participants supported medium contact reuse options such as sidewalk landscaping (95%), domestic WC flushing (85%) and firefighting (96%). Higher contact reuse options such as domestic laundry (38%), preserved food (13%), and potable aquifer recharge (11%) found much lesser support. Less than expected support was found for low contact reuse options with 86% for field crop irrigation, 62% for aquifer recharge for agricultural irrigation, and as low as 49% for orchard irrigation. This low support is surprising, since all three options have been practiced on a large scale for over three decades in Israel without any adverse effects to the public. No correlation was found between any biographical characteristic examined (education, gender, income, marital status, having young children, and age) and support for medium contact options. For the medium contact options, the results suggest that perceived financial gain (individual and/or communal) and positive public opinion enhances support, while perceived health effects negatively affects the degree of support. Technology, trust in authorities and awareness of water and environmental issues were found to not have a significant effect on support for medium contact reuse options. Analyzing the four possible reasons for support given by participants who identified themselves as supporters of wastewater reuse revealed that the most important reason for support was "water saving", followed by "minimization of importing water from abroad". These were followed by "infrastructure cost saving" together with "environmental improvement".
本文总结了一项调查（256名参与者）的结果，该调查旨在确定以色列城市公众对各种城市中水回用方案的态度。以色列以其长期且成功的农业中水回用计划而闻名，但迄今为止尚未实施大规模的城市中水回用项目。该调查涵盖了21种回用方案，这些方案被归为三个回用类别，即：低接触、中接触和高接触水平。结果显示，很大比例的参与者支持中接触回用方案，例如人行道景观美化（95%）、家庭厕所冲水（85%）和消防（96%）。而高接触回用方案，如家庭洗衣（38%）、保存食物（13%）和饮用水含水层回灌（11%），得到的支持要少得多。低接触回用方案得到的支持也低于预期，其中田间作物灌溉为86%，农业灌溉含水层回灌为62%，果园灌溉低至49%。这种低支持率令人惊讶，因为这三种方案在以色列大规模实施已有三十多年，且对公众没有任何不利影响。在所调查的任何个人特征（教育程度、性别、收入、婚姻状况、有无年幼子女和年龄）与对中接触方案的支持之间均未发现相关性。对于中接触方案，结果表明，感知到的经济收益（个人和/或社区）以及积极的公众舆论会增强支持，而感知到的健康影响则会对支持程度产生负面影响。研究发现，技术、对当局的信任以及对水和环境问题的认识对中接触回用方案的支持没有显著影响。分析那些表明自己是中水回用支持者的参与者给出的支持的四个可能原因发现，最重要的支持原因是“节水”，其次是“减少从国外进口水”。随后是“基础设施成本节约”以及“环境改善”。
