De Lange H J, Noordoven W, Murk A J, Lürling M, Peeters E T H M
Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8080, 6700 DD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Aquat Toxicol. 2006 Jun 30;78(3):209-16. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.03.002. Epub 2006 Mar 18.
The continuous discharge of pharmaceuticals and personal care products into the environment results in a chronic exposure of aquatic organisms to these substances and their metabolites. As concentrations in surface waters are in the ng/L range, and sometimes in the low microg/L range, they are not likely to result in lethal toxicity. However, prolonged exposure to low concentrations of anthropogenic chemicals may lead to sublethal effects, including changes in behaviour. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of three pharmaceuticals, the antidepressant fluoxetine, the analgesic ibuprofen and the anti-epileptic carbamazepine, and one cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), on the activity of the benthic invertebrate Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Gammaridae). We used the multispecies freshwater biomonitor to assess changes in activity of G. pulex in a quantitative manner. Exposure to low concentrations (10-100ng/L) of fluoxetine and ibuprofen resulted in a significant decrease in activity, whereas the activity of G. pulex at higher concentrations (1microg/L-1mg/L) was similar to the control. Response to carbamazepine showed a similar pattern, however, differences were not significant. The tested surfactant CTAB evoked a decrease in activity at increasing concentration. These behavioural effect concentrations were 10(4) to 10(7) times lower than previously reported LOECs and in the range of environmentally occurring concentrations. The potential consequences of this decreased activity for G. pulex population growth and benthic community structure and the exposure to mixtures of pharmaceuticals deserves further attention.
药品和个人护理产品持续排放到环境中，导致水生生物长期接触这些物质及其代谢产物。由于地表水中这些物质的浓度处于纳克/升范围，有时处于低微克/升范围，它们不太可能导致致命毒性。然而，长期接触低浓度的人为化学物质可能会导致亚致死效应，包括行为变化。本研究的目的是评估三种药物（抗抑郁药氟西汀、镇痛药布洛芬和抗癫痫药卡马西平）以及一种阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）对底栖无脊椎动物蚤状溞（甲壳纲：端足目：钩虾科）活动的影响。我们使用多物种淡水生物监测器以定量方式评估蚤状溞活动的变化。暴露于低浓度（10 - 100纳克/升）的氟西汀和布洛芬会导致活动显著下降，而在较高浓度（1微克/升 - 1毫克/升）下蚤状溞的活动与对照组相似。对卡马西平的反应呈现类似模式，然而差异不显著。所测试的表面活性剂CTAB在浓度增加时会引起活动下降。这些行为效应浓度比先前报道的最低观察效应浓度低10^4到10^7倍，且处于环境中实际存在的浓度范围内。这种活动下降对蚤状溞种群增长、底栖群落结构以及药品混合物暴露的潜在后果值得进一步关注。
