Lürling M, Sargant E, Roessink I
Department of Environmental Sciences, Aquatic Ecology & Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8080, 6700 DD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Environ Toxicol. 2006 Apr;21(2):172-80. doi: 10.1002/tox.20171.
The effects of the antiepileptic, analgesic drug carbamazepine on the growth, morphology, and life-history characteristics of Daphnia pulex were examined at nominal concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 200 microg L(-1). At 1 microg carbamazepine L(-1), Daphnia matured and reproduced slightly earlier than did controls, and at a given body length females produced more offspring than did controls or those receiving other treatments. In combination with a relatively high juvenile somatic growth rate and highest total number of progeny produced per female, carbamazepine at 1 microg L(-1) seemed to exert a stimulatory effect. The rates of population growth of the 100 and 200 microg L(-1) treatment groups was 9% and 32% lower, respectively, than the rates of growth of the controls and the Daphnia receiving treatments of up to 10 microg carbamazepine L(-1). At the highest dose, retardation of juvenile somatic growth resulted in delayed maturity and consequently in a lower rate of population growth. Adult somatic growth, spine length, reproductive output, and size of newborns were similar among treatments. Male offspring were only produced in the third broods, with broods that were 8% and 28% male at 1 and 10 microg L(-1), respectively. Neck teeth were never observed in Daphnia. Chronic adverse effects of carbamazepine on nontarget Daphnia were detected at 200 microg carbamazepine L(-1), but stimulatory effects might occur at environmentally realistic concentrations. However, additional studies of chronic toxicity investigating various combinations of pharmaceuticals and various environmental stresses, such as food condition, temperature, and kairomones, are needed to fully explore potential long-term adverse effects and to assess the environmental risk of common pharmaceuticals.
在标称浓度分别为0、0.1、1、10、100和200微克/升的条件下，研究了抗癫痫、镇痛药物卡马西平对蚤状溞生长、形态和生活史特征的影响。在1微克卡马西平/升的浓度下，蚤状溞比对照组成熟和繁殖略早，并且在相同体长时，雌性蚤状溞产生的后代比对照组或接受其他处理的个体更多。结合相对较高的幼体体细胞生长速率和每只雌性产生的后代总数最多，1微克/升的卡马西平似乎具有刺激作用。100和200微克/升处理组的种群增长率分别比对照组和接受最高10微克卡马西平/升处理的蚤状溞的增长率低9%和32%。在最高剂量下，幼体体细胞生长迟缓导致成熟延迟，从而使种群增长率降低。各处理组之间成体体细胞生长、脊柱长度、繁殖产量和新生个体大小相似。雄性后代仅在第三窝中产生，在1和10微克/升时，雄性后代分别占窝数的8%和28%。在蚤状溞中从未观察到颈齿。在200微克卡马西平/升时检测到卡马西平对非靶标蚤状溞的慢性不利影响，但在环境实际浓度下可能会出现刺激作用。然而，需要进一步开展慢性毒性研究，调查药物的各种组合以及各种环境压力（如食物条件、温度和信息素），以充分探索潜在的长期不利影响，并评估常见药物的环境风险。
