Mourad A K, Zaghloul O A, El Kady Magda B, Nemat F M, Morsy M E
Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Bacha, Department of Plant Protection, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci. 2005;70(4):601-11.
Except for, very few articles regarding the influence of some organic acids on the causative pathogen, Ascosphaera apis Maassen, no other studies pertaining to the management of the chalkbrood disease were performed, so far in Egypt. Laboratory investigations indicated that the fungicides, i.e (Galben C 46%, Radomil gold pluse WP 42.5% and Daconil 2787) at their recommended rates did not exert any effect on the mycelical growth of the fungus. Therefore, these fungicides were completely excluded from the subsequent apiary trials. As to the Mycostatin, it was found clearly that this mycostatic compound was effective at the rates of 50.000 and 100.000 IU. Regarding the essential oils (ceder, clove, peppermint, parsley, black cumin, garden rocket, and ricin), ceder oil surpassed the other oils and materials in controlling the subject disease. It is peculiar that no studies on the efficacy of ceder are available in the literature, so the present work using ceder oil is recorded for the first time worldwide. Thymol substance at the rate of 2% showed also a great success in managing the CHB disease. Baised on the obtained results, the promising materials in controlling the disease could be arranged according to their efficacy in a descending order as follows: ceder oil>thymol>mycostatin and oxalic acid, so these highly effective materials were again tested under the apiary conditions. Outdoors (apiary) studies revealed that ceder oil 4% gave 100% reduction in mummies numbers. Reductions in number of fallen mummies ranged from 63.22 to 96.94, 18.93 to 81.74, and 10.11 to 68.16%, on average, for thymol, mycostatin, and oxalic acid, respectively. From the practical point of view, thymol could be recommended for controlling the CHB disease, as it is the cheapest material and proved to increase the brood nest as well. In addition, thymol has other uses in the field of apiculture.
除了极少数关于某些有机酸对致病病原体蜜蜂球囊菌（Ascosphaera apis Maassen）影响的文章外，到目前为止在埃及尚未进行其他有关白垩病防治的研究。实验室研究表明，按照推荐剂量使用的杀菌剂，即（加苯C 46%、瑞毒霉金plus WP 42.5%和达科宁2787）对该真菌的菌丝生长没有任何影响。因此，这些杀菌剂被完全排除在随后的蜂场试验之外。至于制霉菌素，很明显这种抑菌化合物在50000和100000国际单位的剂量下是有效的。关于精油（雪松、丁香、薄荷、欧芹、黑孜然、芝麻菜和蓖麻），雪松油在控制该疾病方面超过了其他油类和物质。奇怪的是，文献中没有关于雪松油功效的研究，因此本研究首次在全球范围内记录了使用雪松油的情况。2%剂量的百里酚在防治白垩病方面也取得了巨大成功。根据获得的结果，控制该疾病的有前景的物质可以按照其功效从高到低排列如下：雪松油>百里酚>制霉菌素和草酸，因此这些高效物质再次在蜂场条件下进行了测试。户外（蜂场）研究表明，4%的雪松油可使木乃伊数量减少100%。平均而言，百里酚、制霉菌素和草酸使掉落木乃伊数量的减少幅度分别为63.22%至96.94%、18.93%至81.74%和10.11%至68.16%。从实际角度来看，百里酚可被推荐用于防治白垩病，因为它是最便宜的物质，并且还被证明能增加育虫巢。此外，百里酚在养蜂领域还有其他用途。
