Hansen Trine Lund, Christensen Thomas Højlund, Schmidt Sonia
Institute of Environment & Resources DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
Waste Manag Res. 2006 Apr;24(2):141-52. doi: 10.1177/0734242X06062485.
Modelling of environmental impacts from the application of treated organic municipal solid waste (MSW) in agriculture differs widely between different models for environmental assessment of waste systems. In this comparative study five models were examined concerning quantification and impact assessment of environmental effects from land application of treated organic MSW: DST (Decision Support Tool, USA), IWM (Integrated Waste Management, U.K.), THE IFEU PROJECT (Germany), ORWARE (ORganic WAste REsearch, Sweden) and EASEWASTE (Environmental Assessment of Solid Waste Systems and Technologies, Denmark). DST and IWM are life cycle inventory (LCI) models, thus not performing actual impact assessment. The DST model includes only one water emission (biological oxygen demand) from compost leaching in the results and IWM considers only air emissions from avoided production of commercial fertilizers. THE IFEU PROJECT, ORWARE and EASEWASTE are life cycle assessment (LCA) models containing more detailed land application modules. A case study estimating the environmental impacts from land application of 1 ton of composted source sorted organic household waste was performed to compare the results from the different models and investigate the origin of any difference in type or magnitude of the results. The contributions from the LCI models were limited and did not depend on waste composition or local agricultural conditions. The three LCA models use the same overall approach for quantifying the impacts of the system. However, due to slightly different assumptions, quantification methods and environmental impact assessment, the obtained results varied clearly between the models. Furthermore, local conditions (e.g. soil type, farm type, climate and legal regulation) and waste composition strongly influenced the results of the environmental assessment.
不同的城市固体废弃物（MSW）处理后用于农业的环境影响模型在废弃物系统环境评估的不同模型之间差异很大。在这项比较研究中，考察了五个关于处理后的有机MSW土地应用环境影响量化和评估的模型：DST（决策支持工具，美国）、IWM（综合废弃物管理，英国）、IFEU项目（德国）、ORWARE（有机废弃物研究，瑞典）和EASEWASTE（固体废弃物系统与技术环境评估，丹麦）。DST和IWM是生命周期清单（LCI）模型，因此不进行实际的影响评估。DST模型在结果中仅包括堆肥浸出的一种水排放（生化需氧量），而IWM仅考虑避免生产商业肥料产生的空气排放。IFEU项目、ORWARE和EASEWASTE是包含更详细土地应用模块的生命周期评估（LCA）模型。进行了一个案例研究，估计1吨堆肥的源头分类有机家庭废弃物土地应用的环境影响，以比较不同模型的结果，并调查结果类型或量级差异的来源。LCI模型的贡献有限，且不依赖于废弃物组成或当地农业条件。这三个LCA模型在量化系统影响时采用相同的总体方法。然而，由于假设、量化方法和环境影响评估略有不同，模型之间获得的结果明显不同。此外，当地条件（如土壤类型、农场类型、气候和法律法规）以及废弃物组成对环境评估结果有很大影响。
