Hansen Trine Lund, Bhander Gurbakhash S, Christensen Thomas Højlund, Bruun Sander, Jensen Lars Stoumann
Institute of Environment & Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
Waste Manag Res. 2006 Apr;24(2):153-66. doi: 10.1177/0734242X06063053.
A model capable of quantifying the potential environmental impacts of agricultural application of composted or anaerobically digested source-separated organic municipal solid waste (MSW) is presented. In addition to the direct impacts, the model accounts for savings by avoiding the production and use of commercial fertilizers. The model is part of a larger model, Environmental Assessment of Solid Waste Systems and Technology (EASEWASTE), developed as a decision-support model, focusing on assessment of alternative waste management options. The environmental impacts of the land application of processed organic waste are quantified by emission coefficients referring to the composition of the processed waste and related to specific crop rotation as well as soil type. The model contains several default parameters based on literature data, field experiments and modelling by the agro-ecosystem model, Daisy. All data can be modified by the user allowing application of the model to other situations. A case study including four scenarios was performed to illustrate the use of the model. One tonne of nitrogen in composted and anaerobically digested MSW was applied as fertilizer to loamy and sandy soil at a plant farm in western Denmark. Application of the processed organic waste mainly affected the environmental impact categories global warming (0.4-0.7 PE), acidification (-0.06 (saving)-1.6 PE), nutrient enrichment (-1.0 (saving)-3.1 PE), and toxicity. The main contributors to these categories were nitrous oxide formation (global warming), ammonia volatilization (acidification and nutrient enrichment), nitrate losses (nutrient enrichment and groundwater contamination), and heavy metal input to soil (toxicity potentials). The local agricultural conditions as well as the composition of the processed MSW showed large influence on the environmental impacts. A range of benefits, mainly related to improved soil quality from long-term application of the processed organic waste, could not be generally quantified with respect to the chosen life cycle assessment impact categories and were therefore not included in the model. These effects should be considered in conjunction with the results of the life cycle assessment.
本文提出了一个能够量化堆肥或厌氧消化的源头分类有机城市固体废物（MSW）农业应用潜在环境影响的模型。除了直接影响外，该模型还考虑了通过避免生产和使用商业肥料而节省的资源。该模型是更大的模型“固体废物系统与技术环境评估（EASEWASTE）”的一部分，该模型是作为决策支持模型开发的，侧重于评估替代废物管理方案。通过参考处理后废物的成分以及与特定作物轮作和土壤类型相关的排放系数，对处理后有机废物土地应用的环境影响进行量化。该模型包含基于文献数据、田间试验和农业生态系统模型Daisy建模的几个默认参数。所有数据均可由用户修改，从而使该模型能够应用于其他情况。进行了一个包含四种情景的案例研究，以说明该模型的使用。在丹麦西部的一个植物农场，将一吨堆肥和厌氧消化的MSW中的氮作为肥料施用于壤土和沙质土壤。处理后有机废物的应用主要影响全球变暖（0.4 - 0.7 PE）、酸化（-0.06（节省）-1.6 PE）、养分富集（-1.0（节省）-3.1 PE）和毒性等环境影响类别。这些类别的主要贡献因素是一氧化二氮形成（全球变暖）、氨挥发（酸化和养分富集）、硝酸盐损失（养分富集和地下水污染）以及土壤中的重金属输入（毒性潜力）。当地农业条件以及处理后MSW的成分对环境影响显示出很大影响。一系列主要与长期应用处理后有机废物改善土壤质量相关的益处，就所选的生命周期评估影响类别而言，通常无法量化，因此未纳入该模型。这些影响应结合生命周期评估结果一并考虑。
