Cantillon Dan
Caliber, ICF consulting company, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
Am J Community Psychol. 2006 Mar;37(1-2):111-27. doi: 10.1007/s10464-005-9000-9.
Research on contextual and neighborhood effects has grown exponentially over the past decade as researchers have reacknowledged that community matters. Although empirical findings have consistently documented the significant influence of neighborhood context, the field is just beginning to investigate the varied and multiple pathways through which this influence is transmitted. The current study found support for both a direct and indirect influence of perceived neighborhood structural characteristics (i.e., neighborhood stability, income), measured at the block level, on neighborhood and youth outcomes. Directly, perceived neighborhood advantage led to significantly lower neighborhood rates of official delinquency and higher rates of prosocial activity. Indirectly, perceived neighborhood advantage significantly impacted outcomes by influencing more proximal constructs such as community social organization, informal social control, parenting practices, and affiliation with delinquent peers. Different pathways were significant across neighborhood and youth outcomes, yet perceived neighborhood advantage, in particular neighborhood stability, consistently exerted substantial effects, highlighting the need for more comprehensive and multilevel prevention efforts.
在过去十年中，随着研究人员重新认识到社区的重要性，关于情境和邻里效应的研究呈指数级增长。尽管实证研究结果一直证明邻里环境具有重大影响，但该领域才刚刚开始研究这种影响得以传递的各种不同途径。当前的研究发现，在街区层面衡量的感知邻里结构特征（即邻里稳定性、收入）对邻里和青少年结果具有直接和间接影响。直接而言，感知到的邻里优势导致官方记录的邻里犯罪率显著降低，亲社会活动率更高。间接而言，感知到的邻里优势通过影响更直接的因素，如社区社会组织、非正式社会控制、育儿方式以及与不良同伴的交往，对结果产生显著影响。不同途径在邻里和青少年结果方面都具有显著性，但感知到的邻里优势，特别是邻里稳定性，始终发挥着重大作用，这凸显了开展更全面、多层次预防工作的必要性。
