Warner T D, Settersten R A
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.
Hallie E. Ford Center for Healthy Children & Families, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.
Adv Child Dev Behav. 2017;52:105-152. doi: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2016.10.003. Epub 2016 Dec 28.
Adolescence is a sensitive developmental period marked by significant changes that unfold across multiple contexts. As a central context of development, neighborhoods capture-in both physical and social space-the stratification of life chances and differential distribution of resources and risks. For some youth, neighborhoods are springboards to opportunities; for others, they are snares that constrain progress and limit the ability to avoid risks. Despite abundant research on "neighborhood effects," scant attention has been paid to how neighborhoods are a product of social stratification forces that operate simultaneously to affect human development. Neighborhoods in the United States are the manifestation of three intersecting social structural cleavages: race/ethnicity, socioeconomic class, and geography. Many opportunities are allocated or denied along these three cleavages. To capture these joint processes, we advocate a "neighborhood-centered" approach to study the effects of neighborhoods on adolescent development. Using nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we demonstrate the complex ways that these three cleavages shape specific neighborhood contexts and can result in stark differences in well-being. A neighborhood-centered approach demands more rigorous and sensitive theories of place, as well as multidimensional classification and measures. We discuss an agenda to advance the state of theories and research, drawing explicit attention to the stratifying forces that bring about distinct neighborhood types that shape developmental trajectories during adolescence and beyond.
青春期是一个敏感的发育阶段，其特点是在多种背景下发生重大变化。作为发展的核心背景，社区在物理和社会空间中都体现了生活机会的分层以及资源和风险的差异分布。对一些青少年来说，社区是机遇的跳板；而对另一些人来说，社区则是限制进步、削弱规避风险能力的陷阱。尽管对“社区效应”已有大量研究，但很少有人关注社区是如何成为社会分层力量的产物，这些力量同时作用于人类发展。美国的社区是三种相互交织的社会结构裂痕的体现：种族/族裔、社会经济阶层和地理位置。许多机会沿着这三条裂痕被分配或剥夺。为了捕捉这些共同作用的过程，我们提倡采用一种“以社区为中心”的方法来研究社区对青少年发展的影响。利用来自全国青少年健康纵向研究（Add Health）的具有全国代表性的数据，我们展示了这三条裂痕塑造特定社区背景并导致福祉方面显著差异的复杂方式。以社区为中心的方法需要更严谨、更敏感的场所理论，以及多维度的分类和测量方法。我们讨论了一项推进理论和研究水平的议程，明确关注那些导致形成不同社区类型的分层力量，这些社区类型在青春期及以后塑造着发展轨迹。
