Neumärker Klaus-Jürgen
Charité, Humboldt-University Berlin, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, DRK Hospital, Berlin-Westend, Berlin, Germany.
Int Rev Neurobiol. 2006;72:3-19. doi: 10.1016/S0074-7742(05)72001-8.
Despite its chequered history, Kahlbaum's 1874 description of catatonia (tension insanity) and its categorization as a clinical illness is in outline still valid. Kahlbaum also acknowledged the existence of catatonia in children. Corresponding case studies have also been analyzed. The originators and disciples of the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school proved catatonia in early childhood as a discrete entity with specific psychopathology. This does not mean that catatonic symptoms do not occur in other illnesses and in particular in organic psychoses. These are, however, of a totally different nature. Autism, as first described in connection with schizophrenic negativism by Bleuler in 1910, is one of the key symptoms of schizophrenia. As identified by Kanner in 1943, abnormal social interaction and communication, together with retarded development, are the main characteristics of autism in early childhood. Asperger's concept of autistic disorder (1944), although based on psychopathological theory, did not include retardation in development as an aspect. Consequently, autistic behavior can occur in a variety of mental disorders. Research into possible etiological and pathogenetic factors has been undertaken, but no clear link found as yet.
尽管卡尔鲍姆（Kahlbaum）对紧张症（紧张性精神病）的描述及其在1874年将其归类为一种临床疾病的历史充满波折，但总体而言仍然有效。卡尔鲍姆也承认儿童中存在紧张症。相应的案例研究也已得到分析。韦尼克-克莱斯特-莱昂哈德学派（Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school）的创始人及追随者证明，儿童早期的紧张症是一种具有特定精神病理学特征的独立实体。这并不意味着紧张症症状不会出现在其他疾病中，尤其是器质性精神病中。然而，这些症状的性质完全不同。1910年，布鲁勒（Bleuler）首次将自闭症与精神分裂症的否定症状联系起来进行描述，它是精神分裂症的关键症状之一。1943年，坎纳（Kanner）指出，异常的社交互动和沟通以及发育迟缓是儿童早期自闭症的主要特征。阿斯伯格（Asperger）对自闭症谱系障碍的概念（1944年）虽然基于精神病理学理论，但并未将发育迟缓作为一个方面纳入其中。因此，自闭症行为可能出现在多种精神障碍中。人们已经对可能的病因和发病机制因素进行了研究，但尚未发现明确的联系。
