Candura S M, Verni P, Minelli C M, Rosso G L, Cappelli M I, Strambi S, Martellosio V
Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina del Lavoro, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Italy.
G Ital Med Lav Ergon. 2006 Jan-Mar;28(1):53-62.
The present paper tries to identify the occupational risk factors (physical, chemical, biological, psychological), variable depending on jobs and tasks, to which the heterogeneous public safety/security workers are exposed. The fight against criminality and public order maintenance imply (sometimes fatal) traumatic risks, and expose to psychophysical and sensorial tiring, unfavourable macro- and microclimatic conditions, the risk of baropathy (air navigation, underwater activities), noise (generated by firearms and several other sources), vibrations and shakings (automatic weapons, transport vehicles), the risk of electric injury, ionizing (X and gamma rays) and non-inonizing (ultraviolet rays, microwaves and radiofrequencies, electromagnetic fields) radiations. Chemical hazards include carbon monoxide and other combustion products (fires, urban traffic), substances released in chemical accidents, tear gases, lead (firing grounds, metal works, environmental pollution), solvents, lubrificants and cutting oils (mechanic repair and maintenance), laboratory materials and reagents, irritant and/or sensitizing agents contained in gloves. The main biological risks are tetanus, blood-borne diseases (viral hepatitis, AIDS), aerogenous diseases (e.g., tuberculosis, Legionnaire's disease, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis), dog- or horse-transmitted zoonosis. Finally, emotional, psychosomatic and behavioural stress-related disorders (e.g., burn-out syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder) are typically frequent. The presence of numerous and diversified hazards among public safety/security forces imposes the adoption of occupational medicine measures, including risk assessment, health education, technical and environmental prevention, personal protective devices, sanitary surveillance and biological monitoring, clinical interventions (diagnosis, therapy and rehabilitation of occupational accidents and illnesses), prompt medico-legal evaluation of occupational-related compensation claims.
本文试图识别不同类型的公共安全/安保人员所面临的职业风险因素（物理、化学、生物、心理），这些因素因工作和任务而异。打击犯罪和维护公共秩序意味着（有时是致命的）创伤风险，并使人面临身心和感官疲劳、不利的宏观和微观气候条件、气压病风险（空中航行、水下活动）、噪音（枪支和其他多种来源产生）、振动和摇晃（自动武器、运输车辆）、电击风险、电离辐射（X射线和伽马射线）和非电离辐射（紫外线、微波和射频、电磁场）。化学危害包括一氧化碳和其他燃烧产物（火灾、城市交通）、化学事故中释放的物质、催泪瓦斯、铅（射击场、金属加工、环境污染）、溶剂、润滑剂和切削油（机械维修和保养）、实验室材料和试剂、手套中含有的刺激性和/或致敏剂。主要的生物风险是破伤风、血源性病原体（病毒性肝炎、艾滋病）、空气传播疾病（如结核病、军团病、流行性脑脊髓膜炎）、狗或马传播的人畜共患病。最后，与情绪、身心和行为压力相关的疾病（如倦怠综合征、创伤后应激障碍）通常很常见。公共安全/安保部队中存在众多且多样的危害，因此需要采取职业医学措施，包括风险评估、健康教育、技术和环境预防、个人防护设备、卫生监督和生物监测、临床干预（职业事故和疾病的诊断、治疗和康复）、对与职业相关的赔偿要求进行迅速的法医学评估。
