Diener Ed, Lucas Richard E, Scollon Christie Napa
Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61820, USA.
Am Psychol. 2006 May-Jun;61(4):305-14. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.305.
According to the hedonic treadmill model, good and bad events temporarily affect happiness, but people quickly adapt back to hedonic neutrality. The theory, which has gained widespread acceptance in recent years, implies that individual and societal efforts to increase happiness are doomed to failure. The recent empirical work outlined here indicates that 5 important revisions to the treadmill model are needed. First, individuals' set points are not hedonically neutral. Second, people have different set points, which are partly dependent on their temperaments. Third, a single person may have multiple happiness set points: Different components of well-being such as pleasant emotions, unpleasant emotions, and life satisfaction can move in different directions. Fourth, and perhaps most important, well-being set points can change under some conditions. Finally, individuals differ in their adaptation to events, with some individuals changing their set point and others not changing in reaction to some external event. These revisions offer hope for psychologists and policy-makers who aim to decrease human misery and increase happiness.
根据享乐跑步机模型，好事和坏事会暂时影响幸福感，但人们会很快恢复到享乐中性状态。该理论近年来已获得广泛认可，它意味着个人和社会为增加幸福感所做的努力注定会失败。此处概述的近期实证研究表明，需要对跑步机模型进行5项重要修正。首先，个体的设定点并非享乐中性。其次，人们有不同的设定点，这部分取决于他们的性格。第三，一个人可能有多个幸福设定点：幸福的不同组成部分，如愉悦情绪、不愉快情绪和生活满意度，可能会朝着不同方向变化。第四，也许也是最重要的一点，幸福设定点在某些情况下会发生变化。最后，个体对事件的适应能力存在差异，一些人会改变他们的设定点，而另一些人在面对某些外部事件时则不会改变。这些修正为旨在减少人类痛苦并增加幸福感的心理学家和政策制定者带来了希望。
