Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2011 May-Jun;21(3):291-301. doi: 10.1038/jes.2010.18. Epub 2010 Jun 16.
The Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health (CCCEH) previously reported widespread residential insecticide use in urban communities in New York City. Research suggests that pyrethroids are replacing organophosphates (OPs) in response to 2000-2001 US EPA pesticide regulations restricting OP use. A systematic assessment of active ingredients used for residential pest control is lacking. We queried a database of pesticide applications reported by licensed applicators between 1999 and 2005 and surveyed pest control products available in 145 stores within 29 zip codes in the CCCEH catchment area including Northern Manhattan and the South Bronx. Pyrethroids, pyrethrins, piperonyl butoxide, and hydramethylnon were the most common insecticide active ingredients reported as used by licensed pesticide applicators within the 29 zip codes of the CCCEH catchment area between 1999 and 2005. Use of certain pyrethroids and some non-spray insecticides such as fipronil and boric acid increased significantly by year (logistic regression, OR>1.0, P<0.05), whereas use of OPs, including chlorpyrifos and diazinon decreased significantly by year (logistic regression, OR<1.0, P<0.05). Among pesticide applicators, the most commonly applied active ingredients were formulated as spray applications. With 145 stores in the catchment area, 120 (82.5%) carried at least one insecticide. Spray cans were most common (114/120 stores, 95%); gels were least common (31/120 stores, 25.8%). Among spray formulations, pyrethroid insecticides were the most common pesticide class and permethrin, a pyrethroid, was the most common individual active ingredient. In 2007, one store carried a product containing chlorpyrifos and one store carried a product containing diazinon. This survey suggests that certain pyrethroids and non-spray insecticides replaced OPs for pest control in this area. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon have nearly been eliminated from products marketed for residential pest control.
哥伦比亚儿童环境健康中心（CCCEH）曾报告称，在纽约市的城市社区中，住宅杀虫剂的使用非常普遍。研究表明，拟除虫菊酯正在取代有机磷农药（OPs），以应对 2000-2001 年美国环保署限制 OP 使用的农药法规。目前缺乏对住宅害虫防治中使用的活性成分进行系统评估。我们查询了 1999 年至 2005 年期间持牌施药人员报告的农药应用数据库，并调查了 CCCEH 集水区内 145 家商店中可获得的害虫防治产品，这些商店位于包括曼哈顿北部和南布朗克斯在内的 29 个邮政编码范围内。1999 年至 2005 年期间，在 CCCEH 集水区的 29 个邮政编码范围内，持牌农药施药人员报告的最常见杀虫剂活性成分是拟除虫菊酯、除虫菊素、增效醚和 Hydramethylnon。某些拟除虫菊酯和一些非喷雾杀虫剂（如氟虫腈和硼酸）的使用量显著增加（逻辑回归，OR>1.0，P<0.05），而 OPs（包括毒死蜱和二嗪农）的使用量显著减少（逻辑回归，OR<1.0，P<0.05）。在农药施药人员中，最常用的活性成分是喷雾制剂。在集水区内有 145 家商店，其中 120 家（82.5%）至少有一种杀虫剂。喷雾罐最为常见（120 家商店中有 114 家，占 95%）；凝胶最为少见（120 家商店中有 31 家，占 25.8%）。在喷雾制剂中，拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂是最常见的农药类别，而氯菊酯作为一种拟除虫菊酯，是最常见的单一活性成分。2007 年，一家商店销售含有毒死蜱的产品，另一家商店销售含有二嗪农的产品。这项调查表明，在该地区，某些拟除虫菊酯和非喷雾杀虫剂取代 OPs 用于害虫防治。毒死蜱和二嗪农几乎已从面向住宅害虫防治的产品中被淘汰。
