Williams Megan K, Rundle Andrew, Holmes Darrell, Reyes Marilyn, Hoepner Lori A, Barr Dana B, Camann David E, Perera Frederica P, Whyatt Robin M
Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 60 Haven Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Dec;116(12):1681-8. doi: 10.1289/ehp.11367. Epub 2008 Aug 15.
Widespread residential pesticide use throughout the United States has resulted in ubiquitous, low-level pesticide exposure. The mix of active pesticide ingredients is changing in response to 2000-2001 regulations restricting use of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon.
We aimed to determine the impact of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations on pest infestation levels, pesticide use, and pesticides measured in indoor air samples.
511 pregnant women from inner-city New York were enrolled between 2000 and 2006. Permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide; piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a pyrethroid synergist; chlorpyrifos; and diazinon were measured in 48-hr prenatal personal air samples. Data on pest infestation and pesticide use were collected via questionnaire.
Eighty-eight percent of women reported using pesticides during pregnancy; 55% reported using higher-exposure pesticide applications (spray cans, pest bombs and/or professional pesticide applicators). Self-reported pest sightings and use of higher-exposure applications increased significantly after the regulations were implemented (p < 0.001). PBO, cis-, and trans-permethrin were detected in 75, 19, and 18% of personal air samples, respectively. Detection frequencies of PBO and cis- and trans-permethrin increased significantly over time (p < 0.05 controlling for potential confounders). Levels and/or detection frequencies of these compounds were significantly higher among mothers reporting use of high exposure pesticide applications (p < or = 0.05). Chlorpyrifos and diazinon levels decreased significantly over time (p < 0.001).
In this cohort, pest infestations, use of pesticides, and use of permethrin appear to increase after the residential restriction of organophosphorus insecticides. This is one of the first studies to document widespread residential exposure to PBO.
美国各地广泛使用家用杀虫剂，导致普遍存在低水平的杀虫剂暴露。由于2000 - 2001年对有机磷杀虫剂毒死蜱和二嗪农使用的限制规定，活性杀虫剂成分的组合正在发生变化。
我们旨在确定美国环境保护局的规定对害虫侵扰水平、杀虫剂使用以及室内空气样本中检测到的杀虫剂的影响。
2000年至2006年间招募了511名来自纽约市中心的孕妇。在48小时的产前个人空气样本中检测了氯菊酯（一种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂）、胡椒基丁醚（PBO，一种拟除虫菊酯增效剂）、毒死蜱和二嗪农。通过问卷调查收集有关害虫侵扰和杀虫剂使用的数据。
88%的女性报告在孕期使用过杀虫剂；55%报告使用过暴露水平较高的杀虫剂产品（喷雾罐、害虫炸弹和/或专业杀虫剂施药者）。在规定实施后，自我报告的害虫目击情况和暴露水平较高产品的使用显著增加（p < 0.001）。分别在75%、19%和18%的个人空气样本中检测到了PBO、顺式和反式氯菊酯。随着时间的推移，PBO以及顺式和反式氯菊酯的检测频率显著增加（在控制潜在混杂因素后p < 0.05）。报告使用高暴露杀虫剂产品的母亲中，这些化合物的水平和/或检测频率显著更高（p ≤ 0.05）。毒死蜱和二嗪农的水平随时间显著下降（p < 0.001）。
在这个队列中，在住宅限制有机磷杀虫剂使用后，害虫侵扰、杀虫剂使用以及氯菊酯的使用似乎有所增加。这是首批记录广泛的住宅PBO暴露情况的研究之一。
