Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo, CETESB, Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, Sao Paulo, SP 05459-900, Brazil.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2013 Jun;216(3):243-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.05.010. Epub 2012 Jun 28.
Human biomonitoring is an important tool for the evaluation of environmental exposure to contaminants. The data that are obtained from these studies might be compared to appropriate reference values (RVs) in a specific population. The RVs were derived from the rounded values of the upper limit of the 95th confidence interval of the 95th percentile for lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) in blood from adults in the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo (MASP), Brazil to investigate the association between blood metals and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Blood samples from 653 nonsmoking blood donors without occupational exposure to the studied metals were collected in 2006. Our evaluations distinguished a younger group (18-39 years) and an older group (40-65 years). RVs in the younger group were 60 μgPb/L and 4 μgHg/L for men and 47 μgPb/L and 4 μgHg/L for women. RVs in the older group were 80 μgPb/L and 5 μgHg/L for men and 63 μgPb/L and 6 μgHg/L for women. The RV for Cd was 0.6 μg/L for adults aged 18-65 years. Pb and Cd levels demonstrated a significant association with sex and age. Male blood contained 50% more Pb, and the older group exhibited 23% more Pb. Fish consumption and amalgam fillings were primarily related to Hg levels. RVs for lead were similar to the Czech Republic and Germany but higher than the US population. The RV for Cd in Brazil was well below the RVs of these countries. The RVs for Hg in Brazil were similar to the US but higher than Germany and the Czech Republic.
人体生物监测是评估环境污染物暴露的重要工具。从这些研究中获得的数据可以与特定人群中的适当参考值 (RV) 进行比较。这些 RV 是从巴西圣保罗大都市区 (MASP) 成年人血液中铅 (Pb)、镉 (Cd) 和汞 (Hg) 第 95 个百分位数上限的 95%置信区间的四舍五入值中得出的，目的是研究血液金属与社会人口统计学和生活方式因素之间的关系。2006 年，从 653 名无职业接触研究金属的不吸烟献血者中采集了血液样本。我们的评估区分了较年轻组（18-39 岁）和较年长组（40-65 岁）。年轻组的 RV 分别为男性 60μgPb/L 和 4μgHg/L，女性 47μgPb/L 和 4μgHg/L。年长组的 RV 分别为男性 80μgPb/L 和 5μgHg/L，女性 63μgPb/L 和 6μgHg/L。18-65 岁成年人的 Cd RV 为 0.6μg/L。Pb 和 Cd 水平与性别和年龄呈显著相关。男性血液中 Pb 含量高出 50%，而年长组的 Pb 含量高出 23%。鱼类消费和汞合金填充物主要与 Hg 水平相关。巴西的 Pb RV 与捷克共和国和德国相似，但高于美国人口。巴西的 Cd RV 远低于这些国家的 RV。巴西的 Hg RV 与美国相似，但高于德国和捷克共和国。
