Dopaminergic interplexiform cells and centrifugal fibres in the Xenopus retina.

Putative dopaminergic neurons in the Xenopus retina were identified using an immunoreaction against tyrosine hydroxylase. A single class of cell was stained whose perikaryon (12-15 microns in diameter) was located at the border of the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers. About 2% of the stained cell bodies were located in the ganglion cell layer, but the distribution of the processes of displaced cells had the same geometry as for the majority of stained cells. Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive perikarya gave rise to one to four stout processes that descended to the most proximal level of the inner plexiform layer, within which they branched repeatedly to generate a diffuse network of fine processes. Secondary branches ascended to the most distal sublayer of the inner plexiform layer where they ramified into fine processes that joined other fibres arising horizontally from the cell body and confined to the distal inner plexiform layer throughout their course. The diameter of the dendritic arbor of stained cells was in the range of 350-600 microns. The dense network of fine fibres within the distal inner plexiform layer was arrayed in rings that surrounded other amacrine cells; using an antiserum against glycine we found that at least some of these were glycinergic neurons. Most tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons emitted one or two fine ascending processes that arose from the perikaryon, traversed the inner plexiform layer and arborized within the outer plexiform layer. Additionally, fine varicose fibres arising from the sublayer 1 of the inner plexiform layer and running to the outer retina were observed. Thus, based on light microscopic criteria, dopaminergic neurons in the Xenopus retina appeared to be interplexiform cells. A few tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibres were observed in the optic nerve, some of which entered the inner retina where they ramified, thus indicating that they were centrifugal axons. In addition, a small number of stout smooth processes were observed to traverse the entire inner nuclear layer and course laterally at the level of the photoreceptor bases. Whether this second class of ascending process arises from the tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive efferents remains to be determined. The total number of dopaminergic neurons per retina was 750-800, equivalent to an average density of 30 cells mm-2. The dendritic fields of adjacent cells strongly overlapped, with an estimated coverage factor of 4.8.