Brewer William F, Sampaio Cristina
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
Memory. 2006 Jul;14(5):540-52. doi: 10.1080/09658210600590302.
We propose that memory confidence is based on the processes and products of the just-completed memory task, along with the participants' metamemory beliefs about the relation of these processes and products to memory accuracy. We tested this metamemory approach to confidence by having participants carry out a simple recognition memory task with deceptive and nondeceptive items. The deceptive items were sentences that contained a possible synonym substitution, thus allowing errors based on gist memory. For nondeceptive items, high confidence was associated with high accuracy. For deceptive items the relationship reversed; high confidence was associated with low accuracy. A memory process questionnaire was developed that provided more differentiated phenomenal reports than the traditional know/remember distinction. For nondeceptive items, metamemory beliefs tended to be valid indicators of accuracy, but for deceptive items involving unconscious reconstructive memory processes, they tended to be invalid indicators of memory accuracy. The overall results lend strong support for our metamemory approach to memory confidence.
我们认为，记忆信心基于刚刚完成的记忆任务的过程和产物，以及参与者关于这些过程和产物与记忆准确性之间关系的元记忆信念。我们通过让参与者对具有欺骗性和非欺骗性的项目进行简单的识别记忆任务，来测试这种关于信心的元记忆方法。欺骗性项目是包含可能的同义词替换的句子，从而允许基于要点记忆的错误。对于非欺骗性项目，高信心与高准确性相关。对于欺骗性项目，这种关系则相反；高信心与低准确性相关。我们编制了一份记忆过程问卷，该问卷提供了比传统的“知道/记得”区分更具差异性的现象报告。对于非欺骗性项目，元记忆信念往往是准确性的有效指标，但对于涉及无意识重构记忆过程的欺骗性项目，它们往往是记忆准确性的无效指标。总体结果为我们关于记忆信心的元记忆方法提供了有力支持。
