Grabenstein John D, Pittman Phillip R, Greenwood John T, Engler Renata J M
Military Vaccine Agency, Office of the Surgeon General, US Army, Falls Church, VA 22041, USA.
Epidemiol Rev. 2006;28:3-26. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxj003. Epub 2006 Jun 8.
Americans serving with the US Armed Forces need protection from the dangerous infections that they can contract during training, based on occupation, during overseas deployment, or because of underlying health status. For over 230 years, the military health-care system has immunized troops to protect them personally and to help them accomplish their missions. Military researchers have invented, developed, and improved vaccines and immunization delivery methods against more than 20 diseases. This article consolidates content from several previous historical reviews, adds additional sources, and cites primary literature regarding military contributions and accomplishments. Discussion emphasizes smallpox, typhoid fever, tetanus, influenza, meningococcal disease, adenovirus, yellow fever, pneumococcal disease, and anthrax. Delivery issues include documentation, simultaneous immunization, seroscreening, safety surveillance, jet injection, and cold-chain management. Immunization policies for each major US conflict are described. Military immunization programs need to be individualized on the basis of personal contraindications and prior immunity. The proper conduct of military immunization programs respects the need for detailed education of military personnel, maximizes quality in immunization delivery, and supports quality clinical care to prevent and treat adverse events after immunization. Military immunization programs maintain the health of soldiers, marines, sailors, airmen, and coast guardsmen, the resources most critical to military success.
服役于美国武装部队的人员需要得到保护，以免在训练期间、根据职业情况、在海外部署期间或由于潜在健康状况而感染危险疾病。230多年来，军事医疗系统一直为部队接种疫苗，以保护他们个人并帮助他们完成任务。军事研究人员发明、研发并改进了针对20多种疾病的疫苗和免疫接种方法。本文整合了此前几篇历史综述的内容，增加了更多资料来源，并引用了有关军事贡献和成就的原始文献。讨论重点是天花、伤寒、破伤风、流感、脑膜炎球菌病、腺病毒、黄热病、肺炎球菌病和炭疽。接种问题包括文件记录、同时接种、血清筛查、安全监测、喷射注射和冷链管理。文中描述了美国各次主要冲突的免疫接种政策。军事免疫接种计划需要根据个人禁忌和既往免疫情况进行个性化安排。正确实施军事免疫接种计划要考虑到对军事人员进行详细教育的必要性，最大限度提高免疫接种质量，并支持优质临床护理，以预防和治疗免疫接种后的不良事件。军事免疫接种计划维护着士兵、海军陆战队队员、水手、飞行员和海岸警卫队员的健康，而他们是军事胜利最为关键的资源。
