Shirreffs Susan M, Sawka Michael N, Stone Michael
School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, UK.
J Sports Sci. 2006 Jul;24(7):699-707. doi: 10.1080/02640410500482677.
The high metabolic rates sustained by soccer players during training and match-play cause sweat to be produced in both warm and temperate environments. There is limited published information available on the effects of this sweat loss on performance in soccer. However, this limited information, together with knowledge of the effects of sweat loss in other sports with skill components as well as endurance and sprint components, suggests that the effects of sweating will be similar to the effects in these other activities. Therefore, the generalization that a body mass reduction equivalent to 2% should be the acceptable limit of sweat losses seems reasonable. This amount, or more, of sweat loss reflected in body mass loss is a common experience for some players. Sodium is the main electrolyte lost in sweat and the available data indicate considerable variability in sodium losses between players due to differences in sweating rate and sweat electrolyte concentration. Additionally, the extent of sodium loss is such that its replacement will be warranted for some of these players during training sessions and matches. Although soccer is a team sport, the great individual variability in sweat and electrolyte losses of players in the same training session or match dictates that individual monitoring to determine individual water and electrolyte requirements should be an essential part of a player's nutritional strategy.
足球运动员在训练和比赛期间维持着较高的代谢率，这使得他们在温暖和温和的环境中都会出汗。关于这种出汗对足球运动表现的影响，已发表的信息有限。然而，这些有限的信息，以及对其他包含技能、耐力和短跑成分的运动中出汗影响的了解，表明出汗的影响将与这些其他活动中的影响相似。因此，体重减轻相当于2%应作为可接受的出汗损失限度这一普遍观点似乎是合理的。一些球员经常会出现这种程度或更多的体重减轻所反映出的出汗损失。钠是汗液中流失的主要电解质，现有数据表明，由于出汗率和汗液电解质浓度的差异，球员之间的钠流失存在很大差异。此外，钠的流失程度使得在训练和比赛期间，其中一些球员需要补充钠。虽然足球是一项团队运动，但在同一训练课程或比赛中，球员出汗和电解质流失的个体差异很大，这表明个体监测以确定个人的水和电解质需求应该是球员营养策略的重要组成部分。
