Henrich Joseph, McElreath Richard, Barr Abigail, Ensminger Jean, Barrett Clark, Bolyanatz Alexander, Cardenas Juan Camilo, Gurven Michael, Gwako Edwins, Henrich Natalie, Lesorogol Carolyn, Marlowe Frank, Tracer David, Ziker John
Department of Anthropology, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Science. 2006 Jun 23;312(5781):1767-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1127333.
Recent behavioral experiments aimed at understanding the evolutionary foundations of human cooperation have suggested that a willingness to engage in costly punishment, even in one-shot situations, may be part of human psychology and a key element in understanding our sociality. However, because most experiments have been confined to students in industrialized societies, generalizations of these insights to the species have necessarily been tentative. Here, experimental results from 15 diverse populations show that (i) all populations demonstrate some willingness to administer costly punishment as unequal behavior increases, (ii) the magnitude of this punishment varies substantially across populations, and (iii) costly punishment positively covaries with altruistic behavior across populations. These findings are consistent with models of the gene-culture coevolution of human altruism and further sharpen what any theory of human cooperation needs to explain.
近期旨在理解人类合作进化基础的行为实验表明，即使在一次性情境中，愿意进行代价高昂的惩罚可能是人类心理的一部分，也是理解我们社会性的关键要素。然而，由于大多数实验局限于工业化社会的学生，将这些见解推广到整个人类物种必然是试探性的。在这里，来自15个不同群体的实验结果表明：（i）随着不平等行为的增加，所有群体都表现出一定程度的进行代价高昂惩罚的意愿；（ii）这种惩罚的程度在不同群体间差异很大；（iii）代价高昂的惩罚在不同群体中与利他行为呈正相关。这些发现与人类利他主义的基因 - 文化共同进化模型一致，并进一步明确了任何人类合作理论需要解释的内容。
