Teachers College, Columbia University.
J Appl Behav Anal. 1975 Winter;8(4):367-72. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1975.8-367.
Sixteen classroom observational studies were conducted to determine natural rates of teacher verbal approval and disapproval in the classroom. Rates of teacher verbal approval and disapproval were measured by the Teacher Approval and Disapproval Observation Record (TAD) over Grades 1 through 12. Teacher verbal approval rates dropped over grade, with a marked drop after second grade. In every grade after second, the rate of teacher verbal disapproval exceeded the rate of teacher verbal approval. These rates are interpreted in terms of reinforcement theory.
16 项课堂观察研究旨在确定教师在课堂上自然的口头表扬和批评的频率。通过教师口头表扬和批评观察记录表（TAD）对 1 到 12 年级的教师口头表扬和批评频率进行测量。教师口头表扬率随着年级的升高而下降，二年级后下降幅度明显。在二年级以后的每个年级，教师口头批评的比率都超过了教师口头表扬的比率。这些比率是根据强化理论来解释的。
