J Exp Anal Behav. 1995 Jan;63(1):53-70. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1995.63-53.
Four experiments, each with 6 human subjects, varied the distribution of reinforcers for correct responses and the probability of sample-stimulus presentation in symbolic matching-to-sample procedures. Experiment 1 held the sample-stimulus probability constant and varied the ratio of reinforcers obtained for correct responses on the two alternatives across conditions. There was a positive relation between measures of response bias and the ratio of reinforcers. Experiment 2 held the ratio of reinforcers constant and varied the sample-stimulus probability across conditions. Unlike previous studies that used pigeons as subjects, there was a negative relation between bias and the ratio of sample-stimulus presentations. In Experiment 3, the sample-stimulus probability and the reinforcer ratio covaried across conditions. Response bias did not vary systematically across conditions. In Experiments 1 to 3, correct responses were reinforced intermittently. Experiment 4 used the same procedure as Experiment 3, but all correct responses now produced some scheduled consequence. There was a positive relation between response bias and the ratio of reinforcers. The results suggest that human performance in these tasks was controlled by both the relative frequency of reinforced responses and the relative frequency of nonreinforced responses.
四项实验，每个实验都有 6 名人类被试，改变了符号匹配样本任务中正确反应的强化物分配和样本刺激呈现的概率。实验 1 保持样本刺激概率不变，在不同条件下改变两个选择中正确反应获得的强化物的比例。反应偏差的测量值与强化物比例之间存在正相关关系。实验 2 保持强化物比例不变，在不同条件下改变样本刺激概率。与之前使用鸽子作为被试的研究不同，偏差与样本刺激呈现的比例之间存在负相关关系。在实验 3 中，样本刺激概率和强化物比例在不同条件下共同变化。反应偏差没有在不同条件下系统地变化。在实验 1 到 3 中，正确反应是间歇性强化的。实验 4 使用与实验 3 相同的程序，但现在所有正确反应都会产生一些预定的结果。反应偏差和强化物比例之间存在正相关关系。结果表明，人类在这些任务中的表现受到强化反应的相对频率和非强化反应的相对频率的共同控制。
