Smith Anne
Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
J Commun Disord. 2006 Sep-Oct;39(5):331-49. doi: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2006.06.017. Epub 2006 Aug 24.
A fundamental problem for those interested in human communication is to determine how ideas and the various units of language structure are communicated through speaking. The physiological concepts involved in the control of muscle contraction and movement are theoretically distant from the processing levels and units postulated to exist in language production models. A review of the literature on adult speakers suggests that they engage complex, parallel processes involving many units, including sentence, phrase, syllable, and phoneme levels. Infants must develop multilayered interactions among language and motor systems. This discussion describes recent studies of speech motor performance relative to varying linguistic goals during the childhood, teenage, and young adult years. Studies of the developing interactions between speech motor and language systems reveal both qualitative and quantitative differences between the developing and the mature systems. These studies provide an experimental basis for a more comprehensive theoretical account of how mappings between units of language and units of action are formed and how they function.
Readers will be able to: (1) understand the theoretical differences between models of speech motor control and models of language processing, as well as the nature of the concepts used in the two different kinds of models, (2) explain the concept of coarticulation and state why this phenomenon has confounded attempts to determine the role of linguistic units, such as syllables and phonemes, in speech production, (3) describe the development of speech motor performance skills and specify quantitative and qualitative differences between speech motor performance in children and adults, and (4) describe experimental methods that allow scientists to study speech and limb motor control, as well as compare units of action used to study non-speech and speech movements.
对于那些对人类交流感兴趣的人来说，一个基本问题是确定思想和语言结构的各种单位是如何通过说话来传达的。肌肉收缩和运动控制所涉及的生理概念在理论上与语言生成模型中假定存在的处理层次和单位相距甚远。对成年说话者文献的综述表明，他们参与复杂的并行过程，涉及许多单位，包括句子、短语、音节和音素层次。婴儿必须在语言和运动系统之间发展多层次的相互作用。本讨论描述了关于童年、青少年和青年时期相对于不同语言目标的言语运动表现的最新研究。对言语运动和语言系统之间发展中的相互作用的研究揭示了发展中的系统和成熟系统之间的质和量的差异。这些研究为更全面地理论解释语言单位和动作单位之间的映射是如何形成的以及它们如何发挥作用提供了实验基础。
读者将能够：（1）理解言语运动控制模型和语言处理模型之间的理论差异，以及两种不同模型中使用的概念的性质，（2）解释协同发音的概念，并说明为什么这种现象使确定音节和音素等语言单位在言语产生中的作用的尝试变得复杂，（3）描述言语运动表现技能的发展，并指明儿童和成人言语运动表现之间的量和质的差异，以及（4）描述使科学家能够研究言语和肢体运动控制的实验方法，以及比较用于研究非言语和言语运动的动作单位。
