Nurses and emergency disasters: what is known.

Following the events of September 11, 2001, the threat of bioterrorism events has become a realistic concern for health care workers in the United States. Bioterrorism events caused by infectious agents will be challenging because nurses will need to recognize unfamiliar infections and work long hours with limited resources in stressful conditions. During a bioterrorism event caused by biologic agents, nurses will be expected to provide care to infected patients and may fear that they, or their families, could also become infected. A review of literature suggests that nurses' response to working during a bioterrorism event is not well described. The limited number of studies regarding nurses' concerns, fears, and anxieties is focused on nurses' experiences in natural disaster or war situations. Additional studies are needed to validate the appropriateness of applying findings from disaster response studies to bioterrorism events. During bioterrorism events, nurses will be expected to provide physical care and emotional and psychologic support for victims and victims' families. Realistic bioterrorism plans should incorporate strategies to support nurses and address their physical, psychologic, and emotional issues. Strategies to optimize safe working conditions and minimize psychologic trauma such as technical training regarding bioterrorism agents and debriefing opportunities should be included.