Gundacker Claudia, Pietschnig Beate, Wittmann Karl J, Salzer Hans, Stöger Helmut, Reimann-Dorninger Gerda, Schuster Ernst, Lischka Andreas
Medizinische Universität Wien, Zentrum für Public Health, Abteilung Okotoxikologie, Waehringer Strasse 10, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2007 Jan;17(1):39-46. doi: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500518. Epub 2006 Sep 6.
Breast milk might be a source of potentially toxic metals such as cadmium (Cd). The purpose of the present study is to provide data pertaining to the influence of maternal lifestyles on Cd concentrations in breast milk in the Austrian setting. Breast milk was obtained from 124 Austrian women. Each participant provided 10 ml of milk. A second group of eight mothers were recruited to investigate changes in their milk cadmium levels at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks post partum. The study participants filled a questionnaire concerning nutrition, supplementation, and smoking habits. The samples were analyzed using GF-Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The mean Cd content in breast milk was among the lowest in Europe (0.086 +/- 0.085 microg/l, 95% CI: 0.07-0.10; n = 124). Increased Cd levels in breast milk were found to be significantly associated with frequent cereal consumption and smoking. Smokers had a two-fold higher concentration than did non-smokers (0.15 versus 0.07 microg/l; P = 0.000). In contrast, low Cd levels in breast milk were associated with the intake of supplements containing trace elements or vitamins and trace elements (P < 0.05). This protective effect of supplements on Cd levels was only observed in non-smokers. The Cd levels registered in the present investigation were far below critical levels. We conclude that the current maternal Cd levels in Austria signify no risk for the breastfed infant of a healthy mother. Further research will have to focus on the specific effects of supplementation and smoking on Cd concentrations.
母乳可能是镉（Cd）等潜在有毒金属的一个来源。本研究的目的是提供与奥地利环境下母亲生活方式对母乳中镉浓度的影响相关的数据。从124名奥地利女性那里获取了母乳。每位参与者提供了10毫升乳汁。招募了另一组8名母亲，以调查她们产后1、3、5、7和9周时乳汁中镉水平的变化。研究参与者填写了一份关于营养、补充剂和吸烟习惯的问卷。使用石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪（AAS）对样本进行了分析。母乳中的镉平均含量在欧洲处于最低水平之列（0.086±0.085微克/升，95%置信区间：0.07 - 0.10；n = 124）。发现母乳中镉水平升高与频繁食用谷物和吸烟显著相关。吸烟者的镉浓度是非吸烟者的两倍（0.15微克/升对0.07微克/升；P = 0.000）。相比之下，母乳中镉水平较低与摄入含微量元素或维生素及微量元素的补充剂有关（P < 0.05）。补充剂对镉水平的这种保护作用仅在非吸烟者中观察到。本研究中记录的镉水平远低于临界水平。我们得出结论，奥地利目前母亲的镉水平对健康母亲母乳喂养的婴儿没有风险。进一步的研究将不得不聚焦于补充剂和吸烟对镉浓度的具体影响。
