Blaukopf Clare L, DiGirolamo Gregory J
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, UK.
Exp Brain Res. 2006 Oct;174(4):786-92. doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0685-2. Epub 2006 Sep 15.
Very little is known about how human movements are influenced by abstract rewards and punishments relevant for human behaviour. The purpose of this study was to expand our knowledge of the behavioural effects of monetary reward and punishment. We introduced a high and low reward and punishment scheme into an antisaccade task where trials were either rewarded for a correct response (+1 or +25p) or punished for an incorrect response (-1 or -25p). The monetary value of the trial was indicated by the go signal, so subjects had to both program the location of the movement and determine the valence in the short interval before the eye movement was executed. We analysed both correct antisaccade responses and prosaccade errors. Importantly, the errors in this task can be either conscious (recognised) or unconscious (unrecognised). Saccades in both high-reward and high-punishment trials were slowed compared to saccades in low-reward and low-punishment trials, respectively. Therefore, unlike moderate rewards only (Blaukopf and DiGirolamo in Exp Brain Res 167:654-659, 2005), combining rewards and punishments and increasing motivation levels leads to a delay in movement execution during high valence trials where all actions are slowed, even errors. However, unconscious errors were differentially affected as they were speeded when punishment was high. We conclude that reward and punishment similarly influence the programming of conscious movements, but the strong saliency for punishment affords unconscious errors immunity from this delay.
关于与人类行为相关的抽象奖励和惩罚如何影响人类运动，我们所知甚少。本研究的目的是扩展我们对金钱奖励和惩罚行为效应的认识。我们在一项反扫视任务中引入了高奖励和低奖励以及高惩罚和低惩罚方案，在该任务中，正确反应会得到奖励（+1或+25便士），错误反应会受到惩罚（-1或-25便士）。试验的金钱价值由开始信号指示，因此受试者必须在眼球运动执行前的短时间间隔内规划运动位置并确定效价。我们分析了正确的反扫视反应和正扫视错误。重要的是，该任务中的错误可以是有意识的（被识别）或无意识的（未被识别）。与低奖励和低惩罚试验中的扫视相比，高奖励和高惩罚试验中的扫视分别减慢。因此，与仅适度奖励不同（布劳科普夫和迪吉罗拉莫，《实验脑研究》，167:654 - 659，2005），奖励和惩罚相结合并提高动机水平会导致在高价值试验中运动执行延迟，此时所有动作都会减慢，甚至错误也会减慢。然而，无意识错误受到的影响不同，因为当惩罚很高时它们会加快。我们得出结论，奖励和惩罚同样影响有意识运动的规划，但惩罚的强烈显著性使无意识错误免受这种延迟的影响。
