Puerta Henry, Cantillo César, Mills James, Hjelle Brian, Salazar-Bravo Jorge, Mattar Salim
Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Montería-Colombia.
Medicina (B Aires). 2006;66(4):343-56.
The hantaviruses are a group of emerging rodent-borne pathogens (family Bunyaviridae; Genus Hantavirus) that are etiologic agents for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Europe and Asia and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. HFRS is associated with rodents of the family Muridae, subfamilies Murinae and Arvicolinae; HPS is associated with rodents of the subfamily Sigmodontinae. Since the identification of HCPS in USA in 1993, a large number of cases of HPS and an increasing number of hantaviruses and rodent reservoir hosts have been identified in Central and South America. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated important differences in frequency of infection with hantaviruses in both human and rodent host populations. Antibody prevalences in rodent and human populations may vary from less than 1% to more than 40%. Currently, more than 1500 cases of HCPS have been reported and more than 15 genetically distinct variants of hantaviruses, all associated with sigmodontine rodents, have been identified throughout the Americas. Several characteristics distinguish Latin American HCPS cases from the classical HCPS described for the first time in the USA. These include a variation in severity of disease from moderate and self-limiting to severe, the demonstration of person-to-person transmission, and a somewhat higher incidence of extrapulmonary clinical manifestations in the South American form of HCPS. Nevertheless, our understanding of hantaviruses in the Americas is still far from complete. The factors involved in the dynamics of these viruses in nature, their establishment and transmission within host populations and from hosts to humans, and the variable pathology of these viruses in humans are complex. It is likely that more hantaviruses will be described in the future, and much more data will be required in order to describe the diversity and evolution of this group of pathogens. Latin America, as the center of diversity for Sigmodontine rodents and their hantaviruses is presented with the unique opportunity as well as the challenge of being center stage for continued studies of the dynamics of hantaviruses in natural host populations and the links of host and virus to human populations.
汉坦病毒是一组新出现的啮齿动物传播病原体（布尼亚病毒科；汉坦病毒属），是欧洲和亚洲肾综合征出血热（HFRS）以及美洲汉坦病毒心肺综合征（HCPS）的病原体。HFRS与鼠科、鼠亚科和田鼠亚科的啮齿动物有关；HPS与棉鼠亚科的啮齿动物有关。自1993年在美国发现HCPS以来，在中美洲和南美洲已发现大量HPS病例以及越来越多的汉坦病毒和啮齿动物宿主。流行病学研究表明，人类和啮齿动物宿主群体中感染汉坦病毒的频率存在重要差异。啮齿动物和人类群体中的抗体流行率可能从不到1%到超过40%不等。目前，整个美洲已报告了1500多例HCPS病例，并已鉴定出15种以上基因不同的汉坦病毒变体，所有这些变体都与棉鼠科啮齿动物有关。拉丁美洲的HCPS病例与美国首次描述的经典HCPS病例有几个不同特征。这些特征包括疾病严重程度从中度自限性到重度不等、人际传播的证明以及南美形式的HCPS中肺外临床表现的发生率略高。然而，我们对美洲汉坦病毒的了解仍远未完整。这些病毒在自然界中的动态、它们在宿主群体内以及从宿主到人类的建立和传播所涉及的因素，以及这些病毒在人类中的可变病理学都很复杂。未来可能会描述更多的汉坦病毒，并且需要更多数据来描述这组病原体的多样性和进化。拉丁美洲作为棉鼠科啮齿动物及其汉坦病毒的多样性中心，面临着独特的机遇和挑战，即成为自然宿主群体中汉坦病毒动态以及宿主与病毒与人类群体联系的持续研究的核心。
