Shorrock S T, Straeter O
University of New South Wales, Department of Aviation, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
Ergonomics. 2006;49(12-13):1326-44. doi: 10.1080/00140130600612812.
System disturbances are likely to be a key factor affecting the acceptance and safety of future automation. Since hardware and software are rarely totally reliable, humans are always required in socio-technical command and control environments such as air traffic management (ATM). Unfortunately, human-automation interaction is known to be problematic, particularly when the human assumes a monitoring or back-up role. Hence an understanding of how humans manage system disturbances is required, together with a method of looking at the problem for new systems. In this paper we outline a contextual framework of the process by which people recover from system disturbances, together with literature data and findings from 31 interviews with ATM personnel. The framework describes the context and causes of a problem, the problem itself, the effect and exposure, the recovery process, and the outcome. The framework, together with the research findings and operational experience, is also the basis for a performance prediction tool called the Recovery from Automation Failure Tool (RAFT).
系统干扰可能是影响未来自动化的接受度和安全性的关键因素。由于硬件和软件很少能完全可靠，在诸如空中交通管理（ATM）等社会技术指挥与控制环境中，总是需要有人参与。不幸的是，人机交互存在问题是众所周知的，尤其是当人承担监控或后备角色时。因此，需要了解人类如何应对系统干扰，以及一种针对新系统审视该问题的方法。在本文中，我们概述了一个情境框架，该框架阐述了人们从系统干扰中恢复的过程，同时还介绍了文献数据以及对31名空中交通管理人员的访谈结果。该框架描述了问题的背景和原因、问题本身、影响和暴露情况、恢复过程以及结果。该框架连同研究结果和运营经验，也是一种名为自动化故障恢复工具（RAFT）的性能预测工具的基础。
