Hilbig Annett, Kersting Mathilde
Research Institute of Child Nutrition (FKE), Dortmund, Germany.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Oct;43(4):518-24. doi: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000229548.69702.aa.
To describe effects of age and time on the intake of energy and macronutrients in infants and young children.
The energy and macronutrient intake of 720 DONALD study participants between 1989 and 2003 was evaluated by analysing 3027 three-day weighed dietary records (including test weighing of breast milk consumption) at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months. Mixed models and logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the effects of age and time on intake.
Age affected macronutrient patterns (percentage of energy intake, E%) more often in infants than in young children. The percentage of full and partial breast-fed infants increased between 1989 and 2003. Almost no time trends were found for energy intake. Macronutrient patterns changed with time; for example, protein intake decreased throughout infancy (between -0.05 and -0.17 E%/y). An increase in fat intake (0.23 and 0.40 E%/y) was compensated by a decrease in carbohydrates (-0.18 and -0.29 E%/y) in young infants (3 and 6 months). Opposite trends in macronutrient patterns were observed in infants and young children.
Increasing breast milk consumption over time was the most obvious factor influencing long-term trends in macronutrient patterns. In all of the age groups examined here, macronutrient patterns have come closer to the references over time.
描述年龄和时间对婴幼儿能量及常量营养素摄入量的影响。
通过分析1989年至2003年间720名DONALD研究参与者在3、6、9、12、18、24和36个月时的3027份为期三天的称重饮食记录（包括母乳摄入量的测试称重），评估其能量和常量营养素摄入量。使用混合模型和逻辑回归分析来研究年龄和时间对摄入量的影响。
与幼儿相比，年龄对婴儿常量营养素模式（能量摄入百分比，E%）的影响更为常见。1989年至2003年间，完全母乳喂养和部分母乳喂养婴儿的比例有所增加。几乎未发现能量摄入量随时间的变化趋势。常量营养素模式随时间变化；例如，在整个婴儿期蛋白质摄入量下降（-0.05至-0.17 E%/年）。在幼儿（3个月和6个月）中，脂肪摄入量的增加（0.23和0.40 E%/年）被碳水化合物摄入量的减少（-0.18和-0.29 E%/年）所抵消。在婴儿和幼儿中观察到常量营养素模式的相反趋势。
随着时间的推移，母乳摄入量的增加是影响常量营养素模式长期趋势的最明显因素。在此处研究的所有年龄组中，常量营养素模式随着时间的推移已更接近参考标准。
