Monserrat José M, Martínez Pablo E, Geracitano Laura A, Lund Amado Lílian, Martinez Gaspar Martins Camila, Lopes Leães Pinho Grasiela, Soares Chaves Isabel, Ferreira-Cravo Marlize, Ventura-Lima Juliane, Bianchini Adalto
Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96.201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada (FURG), Brazil.
Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96.201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada (FURG), Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica (FURG), Brazil.
Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2007 Jul-Aug;146(1-2):221-234. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.08.012. Epub 2006 Sep 3.
In this review, recent developments in monitoring toxicological responses in estuarine animals are analyzed, considering the biomarker responses to different classes of pollutants. The estuarine environment imposes stressful conditions to the organisms that inhabit it, and this situation can alter their sensitivity to many pollutants. The specificity of some biomarkers like metallothionein tissue concentration is discussed in virtue of its dependence on salinity, which is highly variable in estuaries. Examples of cholinesterase activity measurements are also provided and criteria to select sensitive enzymes to detect pesticides and toxins are discussed. Regarding non-specific biomarkers, toxic responses in terms of antioxidant defenses and/or oxidative damage are also considered in this review, focusing on invertebrate species. In addition, the presence of an antioxidant gradient along the body of the estuarine polychaete Laeonereis acuta (Nereididae) and its relationship to different strategies, which deal with the generation of oxidative stress, is reviewed. Also, unusual antioxidant defenses against environmental pro-oxidants are discussed, including the mucus secreted by L. acuta. Disruption of osmoregulation by pollutants is of paramount importance in several estuarine species. In some cases such as in the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulatus, there is a trade off between bioavailability of toxicants (e.g. metals) and their interaction with key enzymes such as Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase. Thus, the metal effect on osmoregulation is also discussed in the present review. Finally, field case studies with fish species like the croaker Micropogonias furnieri (Scianidae) are used to illustrate the application of DNA damage and immunosuppressive responses as potential biomarkers of complex mixture of pollutants.
在本综述中，分析了河口动物毒理学反应监测的最新进展，同时考虑了生物标志物对不同类别污染物的反应。河口环境给栖息其中的生物带来压力条件，这种情况会改变它们对许多污染物的敏感性。鉴于金属硫蛋白组织浓度等一些生物标志物对盐度的依赖性（盐度在河口高度可变），对其特异性进行了讨论。还提供了胆碱酯酶活性测量的实例，并讨论了选择敏感酶以检测农药和毒素的标准。关于非特异性生物标志物，本综述还考虑了抗氧化防御和/或氧化损伤方面的毒性反应，重点是无脊椎动物物种。此外，还综述了河口多毛类动物尖叶沙蚕（沙蚕科）体内抗氧化剂梯度的存在及其与应对氧化应激产生的不同策略的关系。还讨论了针对环境促氧化剂的异常抗氧化防御，包括尖叶沙蚕分泌的黏液。污染物对渗透调节的破坏在几种河口物种中至关重要。在某些情况下，如河口蟹颗粒巨螯蟹，有毒物质（如金属）的生物可利用性与其与关键酶（如钠钾ATP酶和碳酸酐酶）的相互作用之间存在权衡。因此，本综述也讨论了金属对渗透调节的影响。最后，以鱼类物种如细纹鳓（鳓科）的现场案例研究为例，说明了DNA损伤和免疫抑制反应作为复杂污染物混合物潜在生物标志物的应用。
