Viveros Maria-Paz, Marco Eva M, File Sandra E
Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria, C/Jose Antonio Novais 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30(8):1161-81. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.08.002. Epub 2006 Oct 16.
After a brief outline of the nicotinic and cannabinoid systems, we review the interactions between the pharmacological effects of nicotine and cannabis, two of the most widely used drugs of dependence. These drugs are increasingly taken in combination, particularly among the adolescents and young adults. The review focuses on addiction-related processes, gateway and reverse gateway theories of addiction and therapeutic implications. It then reviews studies on the important period of adolescence, an area that is in urgent need of further investigation and in which the importance of sex differences is emerging. Three other areas of research, which might be particularly relevant to the onset and/or maintenance of dependence, are then reviewed. Firstly, the effects of the two drugs on anxiety-related behaviours are discussed and then their effects on food intake and cognition, two areas in which they have contrasting effects. Certain animal studies suggest that reinforcing effects are likely to be enhanced by joint consumption of nicotine and cannabis, as also may be anxiolytic effects. If this was the case in humans, the latter might be viewed as an advantage particularly by adolescent girls, although the increased weight gain associated with cannabis would be a disadvantage. The two drugs also have opposite effects on cognition and the possibility of long-lasting cognitive impairments resulting from adolescent consumption of cannabis is of particular concern.
在简要概述了烟碱和大麻素系统之后，我们回顾了尼古丁和大麻这两种最广泛使用的成瘾性药物在药理作用方面的相互作用。这些药物越来越多地被联合使用，尤其是在青少年和年轻人当中。本综述重点关注与成瘾相关的过程、成瘾的 gateway 和反向 gateway 理论以及治疗意义。接着，综述了关于青春期这一重要时期的研究，这是一个迫切需要进一步研究且性别差异的重要性正在显现的领域。然后，综述了另外三个可能与成瘾的发生和/或维持特别相关的研究领域。首先，讨论了这两种药物对焦虑相关行为的影响，然后是它们对食物摄入和认知的影响，在这两个方面它们具有相反的作用。某些动物研究表明，尼古丁和大麻联合使用可能会增强强化作用，抗焦虑作用也可能增强。如果在人类中也是如此，后者可能尤其被青春期女孩视为一种优势，尽管与大麻相关的体重增加会是一个劣势。这两种药物对认知也有相反的作用，青少年吸食大麻导致长期认知障碍的可能性尤其令人担忧。
