Kitayama Shinobu, Mesquita Batja, Karasawa Mayumi
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-1043, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2006 Nov;91(5):890-903. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.890.
The authors hypothesized that whereas Japanese culture encourages socially engaging emotions (e.g., friendly feelings and guilt), North American culture fosters socially disengaging emotions (e.g., pride and anger). In two cross-cultural studies, the authors measured engaging and disengaging emotions repeatedly over different social situations and found support for this hypothesis. As predicted, Japanese showed a pervasive tendency to reportedly experience engaging emotions more strongly than they experienced disengaging emotions, but Americans showed a reversed tendency. Moreover, as also predicted, Japanese subjective well-being (i.e., the experience of general positive feelings) was more closely associated with the experience of engaging positive emotions than with that of disengaging emotions. Americans tended to show the reversed pattern. The established cultural differences in the patterns of emotion suggest the consistent and systematic cultural shaping of emotion over time.
作者们推测，日本文化鼓励具有社交参与性的情绪（例如友好情感和内疚感），而北美文化则培养具有社交疏离性的情绪（例如骄傲和愤怒）。在两项跨文化研究中，作者们在不同社交情境下反复测量了参与性和疏离性情绪，并找到了支持这一假设的证据。正如所预测的那样，据报道，日本人普遍表现出体验参与性情绪比体验疏离性情绪更强烈的倾向，而美国人则表现出相反的倾向。此外，同样如预测的那样，日本人的主观幸福感（即总体积极情感的体验）与体验参与性积极情绪的关联比与体验疏离性情绪的关联更为紧密。美国人则倾向于呈现相反的模式。在情绪模式方面既定的文化差异表明，随着时间的推移，情绪受到了持续且系统的文化塑造。
