Lautze Sue, Raven-Roberts Angela
The Livelihoods Program, Sherman, OR 07730, USA.
Disasters. 2006 Dec;30(4):383-401. doi: 10.1111/j.0361-3666.2006.00328.x.
This paper explores the nature of the violence that characterises complex humanitarian emergencies and the related implications for modelling livelihoods systems. While noting the importance of livelihoods approaches in complex humanitarian emergencies, it deliberates the limitations of sustainable livelihoods frameworks when applied in environments marked by protracted instability. Adaptations to the model are discussed, with a particular focus on the relationships among violence, assets and liabilities within livelihoods systems. Political economy of violence theories intimate that the assets on which livelihoods systems are constructed in peaceful times may instead become life-and livelihood-threatening liabilities in periods of conflict. Adaptations to livelihood systems in violent settings require that analysts consider violence from policy, institutional and process perspectives. It is suggested that vulnerability should be re-conceptualised as endogenous to livelihoods systems in violent settings. Building on the work of others, a livelihoods model adapted for complex humanitarian emergencies is presented.
本文探讨了复杂人道主义紧急情况中暴力行为的本质以及对生计系统建模的相关影响。在指出生计方法在复杂人道主义紧急情况中的重要性的同时，本文也思考了可持续生计框架在长期不稳定环境中应用时的局限性。文中讨论了对该模型的调整，特别关注生计系统中暴力、资产和负债之间的关系。暴力的政治经济学理论表明，在和平时期构建生计系统所依赖的资产，在冲突时期可能反而成为危及生命和生计的负债。在暴力环境中对生计系统进行调整要求分析人员从政策、制度和过程的角度考虑暴力问题。有人建议，在暴力环境中，应将脆弱性重新概念化为生计系统的内生因素。在他人工作的基础上，本文提出了一个适用于复杂人道主义紧急情况的生计模型。
