Dorman D C, Beasley V R
Illinois Animal Poison Information Center, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
Vet Hum Toxicol. 1991 Jun;33(3):238-43.
Natural pyrethrin and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides have been considered among the safest classes of insecticides available. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids are classified on the basis of their chemical structures and their toxicologic, neurophysiologic and pharmacologic effects. Cellular effects of pyrethrin and pyrethroid insecticides have been postulated to involve interactions with sodium channels, receptor-ionophore complexes, neurotransmitters, and ATPases. Toxicity is a function of chemical structure, metabolism, route of exposure, and the presence or absence of synergists. Pyrethroid insecticides are neurotoxic, and the development and severity of clinical signs is proportional to the nervous tissue pyrethroid concentration. Type I pyrethroid poisoning in mice and rats produces a syndrome characterized by tremors, prostration and altered startle reflexes. Type II pyrethroid poisoning in mice and rats causes ataxia, convulsions, hyperactivity, choreoathetosis and profuse salivation. A presumptive diagnosis of pyrethrin/pyrethroid poisoning is based upon history of exposure, development of appropriate clinical signs, and chemical analysis for insecticide residues. Treatment of pyrethrin and pyrethroid toxicosis involves basic life support, seizure control when needed, and the prevention of further insecticide absorption.
天然除虫菊酯和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂被认为是现有最安全的杀虫剂类别之一。除虫菊酯和拟除虫菊酯根据其化学结构以及毒理学、神经生理学和药理学作用进行分类。据推测，除虫菊酯和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的细胞效应涉及与钠通道、受体 - 离子载体复合物、神经递质和ATP酶的相互作用。毒性是化学结构、代谢、接触途径以及增效剂存在与否的函数。拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂具有神经毒性，临床症状的发展和严重程度与神经组织中拟除虫菊酯的浓度成正比。小鼠和大鼠的I型拟除虫菊酯中毒会产生以震颤、虚脱和惊吓反射改变为特征的综合征。小鼠和大鼠的II型拟除虫菊酯中毒会导致共济失调、惊厥、多动、舞蹈手足徐动症和大量流涎。拟除虫菊酯/拟除虫菊酯中毒的推定诊断基于接触史、适当临床症状的出现以及杀虫剂残留的化学分析。除虫菊酯和拟除虫菊酯中毒的治疗包括基本生命支持、必要时控制癫痫发作以及防止进一步吸收杀虫剂。
